Ethics in the Workplace Essay

In 1995 Douglas Durand went to work for Tap Pharmaceuticals as vice- president of sales. Several months after starting at Tap Pharmaceuticals, Durand was in disbelief to find out that the company was bribing urologists to purchase the new Lupron drug for prostate cancer. Durand found the culture at Tap Pharmaceuticals to be in misalignment. In order for Durand to protect his good name, he began to document all his findings over a 6 year period and submitting the information to federal prosecutors. The documentation that Durand submitted to the federal prosecutors was so overwhelming that it caused Tap Pharmaceuticals to plead guilty to conspiring with doctors and cheating the government. As result of the guilty plead, Tap Pharmaceuticals paid a staggering $875 million dollar fine, which Durand received 14% of the settlement for his efforts to remedy the situation. The symptoms found in the Tap Pharmaceuticals case are primarily driven by numbers and monetary rewards. The more the top sales reps could sale or distribute the bigger the monetary reward. Durand tried to institute a more structured environment to help remedy some of the illegal practices he encountered. Many of the sales reps at Tap Pharmaceuticals did not accurately track the samples of Lupron given out to doctors. Durand offered a year salary to sales reps to help the company keep accurate records of distribution of the drugs offered. It worked until upper management shut down the bonus program, furthermore; the reps settled back into their old ways. Symptoms of dishonesty, unethical behavior, inadequate record keeping, crooked doctors, and a complete disregard for laws and regulations set forth by the government are derived from the root cause of poor upper management found at Tap Pharmaceuticals. The root cause and unresolved issues that Durand encountered at Tap Pharmaceuticals are a direct result of the monetary driven culture created by then president Yasu Hasegawa and senior management. Durand found that when he tried to implement new policies or practices that Hasegawa and the sales reps were not interested, or he was undermined by senior management. Tap pharmaceuticals primary sales niche was to bribe and payoff the people who prescribed the drugs offered by purchasing televisions, vacations, and  office equipment. The unethical practices are a direct result of a lack of unethical leadership and ethical standards and practices not being in place. Tap Pharmaceuticals did not have a hose counsel to help keep practices ethical and meet government requirements because it was thought to be a sales-prevention department. Durand eventually found himself excluded from marketing and sales meetings and told that he just did not understand the culture. The lack of ethical leadership in the company is the root of the problem found at Tap Pharmaceuticals and left all the issues that Durand found unresolved. Analyze and evaluate alternatives. Decide on the most valid alternative, and make recommendations. When thinking of alternatives, people think of other options that may apply in order to have a different outcome than the current outcome. When Durand was offered the position as Vice President of Sales with Tap Pharmaceuticals, he had no idea what he was getting involved with. All he saw was a potential for a promotion in an industry where he had already served his time and made a name for himself. Durand has a couple alternatives in this ethical situation. He could have kept his mouth shut and adhered to Tap Pharmaceuticals’ policies and procedures and unethical practices. The outcome to this alternative could have proven to be very poor for Durand. If Durand continued to allow Tap Pharmaceuticals to conduct business in the sales department as they always had in the past, eventually, the federal government would have caught on to the unethical practices and levied fines against Tap Pharmaceuticals and Mr. Durand. He could have even been prosecuted for the practices he witnessed at Tap Pharmaceuticals. When employees are directed to blatantly break the law in order to keep sales up and to give out medicine samples without charging for them, there is a huge ethical problem. Tap Pharmaceuticals instructed the doctors to charge Medicare for the samples even though they never paid for them in the first place. It seemed as if Tap Pharmaceuticals planned to break every law of the trade in order to make the most money in the least amount of time. This alternative would not work for Mr. Durand. He had a steady head on his  shoulders and would not stand for the unethical practices he had witnessed. But what would he do about the problem? This question would later come into play when Mr. Durand was faced with a tough decision. A second alternative Mr. Durand had was to leave Tap Pharmaceuticals with a resignation. But a resignation would land him and his family out on the streets. He did not want to jeopardize his family’s lifestyle and affect the way his children would grow up. After all, Mr. Durand did leave a well paying job with a huge medical pharmaceutical company. This alternative would be even worse than staying with Tap Pharmaceuticals and pretending nothing wrong was going on. He had to support his family and to Mr. Durand this was the most important issue to handle. If Mr. Durand resigned from Tap Pharmaceuticals, he would have to start all over again and work his way back up the corporate ladder as he did 20 years before with Merck & Co. Mr. Durand had very few options or avenues to take in his ethical dilemma. He was virtually stuck â€Å"between a rock and a hard place.† He truly made the perfect decision when he decided to file suit against Tap Pharmaceuticals. This was the best possible option he could have used. First, Tap Pharmaceuticals was breaking the law and if they continued to practice unethical business, they could have hurt someone or continued to defraud the United States government and Medicare. Since Mr. Durand was familiar with the practices of the pharmaceutical industry, he had no other choice but to blow the whistle on Tap Pharmaceuticals. TAP Pharmaceuticals, a physician, and 7 employees of TAP Pharmaceuticals were charged and indicted for bribing physicians with kickbacks to use the drug Lupron. The federal grand jury also found them guilty of Medicare fraud, and violation of the Prescription Drug Marketing Act. PSA-Rising (2001) states,The seven individuals charged in the indictment unsealed today are:Alan Mackenzie age 49, of 27068 Wellington Court, Barrington, Illinois, andformerly Vice President of Sales for TAP, Janice Swirski, age 40, of 6 BellinghamDrive, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, and formerly a National Account Manager with TAP,Henry Van Mourick, age 43, of 23 Golfwood Court, Roseville, California, andcurrently a District Manager employed by TAP,  Donna Tom, age 37, of 141 East 56thStreet, New York, New York, and formerly a District Manager employed by TAP,Kimberlee Chase, age 35, of 108 Dedham Street, Dover, Massachusetts, and formerly aDistrict Manager employed by TAP, David Guido, age 30, of 131 New London Road,Colchester, Connecticut, and currently a Hospital Account Executive employed by TAP, DR. John Romano, age 48, of 110 Long Pond Road, Plymouth, Massachusetts, an urologistwith a practice in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Four other physicians’ were indicted before the above indictment. TAP Pharmaceuticals bribed urologists to use the drug Lupron by giving them big screen televisions, golf vacations, and free sample of Lupron. The sales representatives also gave the physician’s free samples of Lupron and told the physicians to bill Medicare for full price. Durand tried to change different aspects of how Tap Pharmaceuticals was run, but all to no avail. Whenever he implemented a new structural change, the employees would try it for a short while and return to the way they had done things in the past. Accurate bookkeeping was a logical idea to put into action. This would tell exactly how much each rep gave out to doctors and pharmacies as samples for them to try out. The old way never showed how much they were paid for each sample given because there was no way to know how many had been given out. Whenever new ideas are put into effect, it still takes people to uphold these new rules and regulations. When Yasu Hasegawa failed to show any sort of business ethics, why would any of his employees? A good leader will lead by example. When people follow someone he/she want to emulate his/her actions, not just his/her words. By having a person with little moral fiber lead the company, it allowed some that might have been on the fence about the situation to fall to the same side. Durand’s cultural change effort failed because senior management and older sales reps refused to change the company for the better. They had been doing things their way for too long and the payoff incentive was too great. The shady business practices were much easier than trying to keep records of exactly how many samples were given out and who all had been bought. When  the president of the company would not even change his ways on how he dealt with his business, how could his employees be expected to change as well? In a business that deals with healthcare, the most important aspect should always be the patients. Since nobody truly cared about them and all the employees concerns were with lining their own pockets, the business ended up being sued for quite a large amount of money. The only way for Durand’s changes to succeed, would be if there were a total overhaul of management. The company would need to basically start over in order to weed out all the bad eggs. That would take a great deal of time, not to mention a great deal of money. Even though Durand became a whistle-blower on Tap Pharmaceuticals and the company was fined, there are sure to be employees who were guilty but not indicted. In TAP Pharmaceuticals there was an attitude of a misalignment of culture. The profit driven only environment provided no ethical leadership. Upper management including the CEO, who set the tone of weak unethical leadership, held no interest in change. TAP had no formal cultural system. The bottom line was the only factor and how profits were obtained was of little concern. When Durand attempted to make positive changes to the system through a â€Å"Reward System,† upper management put a stop to it even tough it was working and labeled him a trouble maker. TAP was not interested in positive ethical change. The gifts to urologists and doctors TAP pharmaceuticals participated in set an unethical culture. ConclusionIn the end Tap received one of the largest fines in the pharmaceutical industry and the job of rebuilding its image and reorganizing its business practices. Seven of its senior management team received heavy financial and judicial penalties for their part in the Lupron scandal. Douglas Durand in the end had to start over in a new less lucrative position, furthermore; he did receive a large settlement from the federal government under the Whistle-Blowers Act and currently retired and living in Florida. References: Barrett, A. (2002, June 24). A Whistle-Blower Rocks an Industry. Business Week. RetrievedJune 19, 2007, from http://www.fairness.com/resources/relation?relation_id=9650Nelson, K., & Trevino, L. (2004). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do itright (3rd ed.) . New York: Wiley. PSA Rising (October 3, 2001). TAP Pharmaceuticals Products Inc. and Seven Others ChargedWith Health Care Crimes; Company Agrees to Pay $875 Million to Settle Charges. RetrievedJune 22, 2007 from http://www.psa-rising.com/wiredbird/tap102001.php

Gender Equality and Islam Essay

Islam believes that a woman is not merely subject to man rather she has her own separate and complete entity in all respects. She has an equal right to that of a man to nourish her religions faculties, serve her faith, acquire education, get a job, do business, own something and benefit herself from it and prove her creativity in an enterprise. She is master of herself in all respects. The religious aspect of this fact is described in the Quran as under: â€Å"For muslim men and women, for believing men and women; for devout men and women; for men and women who are patient, for men and women who humble themselves; for men and women who give charity’ for men and women who fast; for men and women who guard their chastity, and for men and women who remember Allah much- for them all has God prepared forgiveness and a great reward† (Al – Ahzab 33, verse 55) The characteristics mentioned in the above Quranic Verse are ten in number. These characteristics cover all aspe cts of Islam, Islamic conduct and behaviorism related to the rights of God and of human beings too. The above verse makes it clear that there is no distinction between a man and a woman in terms of worships of God, obedience to Him and the place in the life after death. In fact there is no distinction on the basis of gender. The Quran has laid down the following principle in connection with acquisition of wealth â€Å"For men is a portion of what they earn and for women is a portion of what they earn â€Å"(Al-Nisa 4, Verse32) The Sura â€Å"Al-Nisa† basically deals with matters relating to money and other issues that emerge out of the relationship of man and woman in different capacities in a family; Immediately after the above quoted verse an article from the law of legacy has been described and next comes the instructions about the mutual contacts of a husband and a wife. Hence the context makes it clear that the above mentioned verse is related to the worldly life and that a woman has equal rights to that of a man like acquiring education, doing job or a business, deal of a property and even develop her personality. There are several other Quranic verses which make it clear that there is no distinction between man and a woman on any grounds except in the bearing of a responsibility (the detail would come in later pages). Both are human beings and both have rights and privileges. God says: â€Å"I will deny no man or woman among you the rewards of their labours. You are the offspring of one another† (Al-Imran 3: Verse: 195) Through Sura Al-Tawba, God has declared all Muslim men and women as friends, companions and helpers of each other. Thus women are, in no way inferior to men rather they are friends of men and are equal to them. (However, in terms of responsibilities there can be classification, like a doctor and a teacher, under special circumstances): â€Å"The true believers, both men and women, are equal friends to each other. They enjoin what is just and forbid what is evil; they attend to their prayers and pay the Zakat and obey Allah and His Apostle. On these Allah will have merc y. He is Mighty, Wise.†(Al-Tawba 9, verse71) This is why during the prophetic period women used to acquire both religious and worldly education, do farming, take part in trade and industry and manage their wealth and property; About Aisha, the wife of the Holy Prophet, everyone knows that she has related and confirmed 2210 Hadiths (Prophet’s sayings) (Sadarat-ul-Zahab: vol.1) The books based on the compilations of the history of the days of the companions of the Apostle reveal the stories of innumerable females who had mastery over different fields of the religious knowledge rather several eminent scholars attained the knowledge of Islam from them. It was a general practice during those days people used to seek guidance from the wives of the Apostle in the matters of religion. There were besides the wives of the Apostle, certain other women too who earned repute in this field. Rabi-Bint-I-Mauz was one such famous scholar and the outstanding scholars of Islam like Abdullah-b in-Abass and Abdullah Bin Umar had been her students. Several people have related certain Hadiths through her reference. These include Salman Bin Yasir, Abad Bin walid and Nafei-Bin-Umar etc. Fatima Bint-I-Qais had been the tutor of the prominent scholars like Ibn-e-Maseeb, Urwa Bin Zubair and Shabi. (Al-Astaayab-fil-Asam-ul-Sahab) Ayesha the daughter of Saad Bin Abi-Waqas was remarkable scholar and had educated Imam Malik, Ayub Sakhtiami and Hakam Bin Ataiba. (Tazeeb-ul-tazeeb Vol. 12) Imam Shafi, the eminent jurist learnt the knowledge of Hadith from the Syeda Nafisa, the grand daughter of Hasan, the grand son of the Apostle. (Wafyat-ul-Aayam-al-Ibn-khalkan Vol 2) Same was the case of the worldly knowledge and wisdom. For example among the female companions of the Apostle several were poetess like Khansa, Saudah, Safia, Atika, Muridya, Umm-I-Aiman and several others. In the field of medicine and surgery, Rafaza Aslamia, Umm-I-Mutea, umm-I-Kabsa, Hamne Bint-I- Jahsh, Ummi-I-Athiya, Ummai Saleem and several other women won repute. (Tabqat-Ibne-Saeed, Asaba) It was a usual practice among women to get wo rldly knowledge during those days. If their number is not remarkable, it was due to lack of resources. Some ordinary women knew how to read and write and even could manage small accounts. (Tabqat Ibn-e-Saad Vol-8). Some wrote and reply letters. (Al-Adab-ul Musfi) During those days the women used to do farming and looked after their fields. In Bokhari (the collection of Hadith) Sahl Bin Sasd relates the story of a female companion of the Apostle who owned fields and gardens. She cultivated a vegetable named â€Å"Salq† near the bank of a stream and used to serve Sahl Bin Saad and others with Salq and Maize when they visited every Friday. (Bokhari) The most authenticated books on Hadith like Bokhari, Muslim, Abu-Daud and Ibni Mauja quote the statement of Jabir Bin Abdullah who narrates about her maternal aunt. She was divorced and was going through Iddat (the three months waiting period after divorce during which a woman can’t marry). She desired to sell out the fruit of her garden for her living. She consulted the Apostle who advised her to do so as in that case she would be able to give charity and do something for her redemption. This makes clear that the women, during the prophetic perod used to do farming and trade. According to Bokhari, Asma, the daughter of Abu Bakar, the first pious Caliph and the wife of Zubair used to assist her husband in farming on the fields almost two miles far from her home. Those days the women could freely take part in the trade and business activities. The most respectable woman in Muslim Ummah Khadija was a trader. Many female companions of the Apostle like Khaula. Al-khamia, Saqafia and Bint-I-Mukarrama used to trade in perfume. (Asaba-Fi-Tameez-ul-Sahaba Vol-4) Several event related in ‘Tabqat Ibn-I-Saad’ exhibit the fact muslim women during the Prophetic period used to take part in agriculture, trade and industry even without the assistance of their husbands. The wife of Abdullah Bin Masud was a good craftswoman. Once she told the Apostle that she was adept in different crafts and sold out her prepared goods. She inquired if she could spend her money on her husband and children as they have no other source of income. The Apostle told her that she would get a reward from God if she did that. It is also quoted in Al-Asaba Fil Tameez-al Sahabe Vol4) Once a woman named Khaula Bint-e-Saalba had a dispute with her husband. Both of them presented their case before the Apostle who advised the husband to keep himself away from her until the revelation of an instruction from God. At this Khula told the Prophet of God that her husband would’t be able to survive in that case as he was dependent upon her for his living. A woman named Qaila told the Apostle that she was a trader and sought his guidance in the trade matters. Another woman, Amira narrates that once she went to the market along with her maid servant and bought a fish. Ali, the fourth Caliph of Islam was also there who bought that fish from her. There are many such incidents related in ‘Tabqat Ibn-I-Saad Vol 8. The most authentic book on this subject. Souda, the Prophet’s wife was adept in the art of tanning. It is quoted in Bukhari that once her sheep died, she put its skin off, got it tanned and softened it with dates. During that period women performed several tasks collectively as well. The Bokhari kitab-ul-istehsan unfolds that once many women visited the Apostle and requested him to allocate one day in a week for their religious training. The Prophet thus accepted their request. Asma Bint-I-Zahid was good at rhetoric. Once women designated her their representative and sent to the Apostle to make some queries (Al-istaab Fi-Al-Sahab) Women were entrusted with certain responsible positions as well and they proved their worth. For example Umar, the second Caliph of Islam appointed Shafa Bint-e- Abdullah as the Price control officer.

The Motion of a Mass Spring System - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1459 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Physics Essay Type Essay any type Level High school Did you like this example? The Motion of a Mass Spring System The example of a mass attached to the end of a spring is a powerful tool in physics due to the fact that it is analogous to many physical phenomena. To be able to use this example to elegantly describe other more complex systems it is crucial to first fully understand how this simple system works itself. The force acting on a mass attached to a spring at a given position is given by (Serway, 2003: 437). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Motion of a Mass Spring System" essay for you Create order F= -kx (Eqn 1) This equation may be derived from Newton’s Second Law of motion, which states that the force on a mass is proportional to the rate of change in momentum. A mass and spring system can be described as a Simple Harmonic Oscillator and there are some fundamental equations that govern the motion of such a system (Serway, 2003: 436). ?= ?(k/m) (Eqn 2) Equation two shows how the angular frequency (?=2?*frequency) of an object oscillating due to it being fixed to a spring that is inversely proportional to the mass of the object. k is a constant, known as the spring constant that is defined by the properties of the spring. k can be easily determined experimentally for a given spring by changing the mass attached to the spring and measuring the frequency. Due to the periodic nature of such a system as that which can be described using equations one and two, they are known to be in simple harmonic motion. The motion of a particle over time is describ ed effectively by a cosine wave (Serway, 2003: 436; Hayek , 2003; 562). x(t)=Acos(?t+?) (Eqn 3) Equation three shows how this motion can be mapped over time where A is the amplitude of the oscillation, and ? is a term to correct the phase. This can be plotted to show how the mass and spring system will move over time. The figure above shows how a mass on a spring will behave in a frictionless universe while obeying Newton’s First Law of motion. A useful trait of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator is that the equations for the velocity and the acceleration are easily derived from that of the position equation (Serway, 2003: 436). V(t)=-A?.sin?(?t) (Eqn 4) a(t)= -A? ² cos?(?t) (Eqn 5) For brevity the phase term (?) has been omitted from these two equations as it can be assumed that phase is the same. These two equations give valuable insight into the nature of as mass on a spring and how its velocity and acceleration is linked. The interesting thing to n ote is that velocity is governed by a sine waveform, yet acceleration is dependent on the cosine waveform. What this means is that when the particle on the spring has minimum velocity it will have maximum acceleration, it also means that when the mass is travelling at its maximum velocity it has minimum (possibly zero) acceleration. Realistically however, most situations where a simple harmonic oscillator may be applied will involve a resistive force of some description, such as friction in the case of a mass on a spring. The effect this has on the motion of the mass and the spring system can be seen in the figure below. It is clear to see on the above figure that the presence of friction causes the amplitude of the oscillation to decay over time. This effect is known as damping. In a damped system that has no external force driving the oscillation itself, the rate at which the oscillation decreases is directly proportional to the resistive force being applied to it. The damping force is at its greatest when the particle is moving at its fastest velocity and at a minimum when the acceleration is at a maximum. There are three types of damping in an oscillatory system, underdamping, over-damping and critically damped. Underdamped is where the amplitude of the decay envelope does not decay rapidly. Critically damped systems are the fastest to return to equilibrium and will have a decay envelope that allows one oscillation over the entire damping period and will decay towards zero rapidly during this period. Over-damping occurs when there are no oscillations (as seen in critical damping) however there is an infinite time to return to equilibrium (Hayek , 2003; 567). The equation which describes this damped oscillation is given by: F= -kx-l dx/dt (Eqn 6) Here the original equation for the force is extended by a first order differential term relating to the change in the velocity due to the damping constant l. Equation six is able to be e xpanded into a more useful form by applying Newton’s Second Law, which gives: (d ² x)/(dt ² )+2D?_0 dx/dt+?_0 ² x=0 (Eqn 7) This equation now contains a first and second order differential equation relating to the velocity and acceleration respectively of the particle. Equation seven looks to be much more complex than that of equation six, however it is now in a considerably more useful form as it allows to see equation six in terms of the angular frequency of the system. D is the damping ratio and is given by D= l/(2?mk) , taking into account the damping coefficient, the spring constant and the mass of the particle. To fully understand the motion of the mass and spring system there must be consideration of the energy within the system. This may be done with the help of some simple drawings. The blue lines indicate the spring and the solid red block with a blue border indicates the mass. From the figures it is possible to imagine stretching the sprin g, this means that there is a force acting on the mass and if it is held at this stretched point (x) the mass will have a potential energy U. should the mass be released from this point it will have a maximum velocity Vmax and a maximum Kinetic energy KEmax. The total energy in the system at any one point in time is the sum of the potential and kinetic energies. E(t)=KE+U (Eqn 8) E(t)=1/2 m?v(t)? ²+1/2 k?x(t)? ² (Eqn 9) By substituting the formulae for velocity and position (equations three and four) into the energy equation it is possible to simplify this further. E(t)= 1/2 kA ² [?sin?(?t)? ²+?cos?(?t)? ² ] (Eqn 10) E(t)=1/2 kA ² (Eqn 11) The elegance of this simple algebra is that for an oscillating mass on a spring the energy in the system at any given point in time is completely independent of time. If there are dissipative or driving affects occurring during the oscillations then the amount of energy in the system will change, however for a clo sed system this fact holds true. This equation occurs in many areas of physics, for much more complex systems than a single mass on a spring. These equations can be applied to pendulums, resonant electrical circuits (RLC circuits) (Mispelter, 2006: 35) such as those used to detect Radio and TV signals, or even in quantum mechanics and the time independent Schrodinger equation, where it is found that a quantum harmonic oscillator, such as a particle in a potential well (Schrà ¶dinger, 1926: 1054), is one of the few quantum mechanical problems that it is possible to find analytical answers for. If the Hamiltonian for such a system is examined it is shown that its structure is very similar to that of equation nine (Schrà ¶dinger, 1926: 1057; Levitt, 2012: 144). H ?= p ?/2m+1/2 m? ² x ? ² (Eqn 12) p ? is the momentum operator that forms the kinetic half of the Hamiltonian and x ? is the position operator which calculates the potential part of the Hamiltonian (Schrà ¶dinger, 1926: 1052). It is obvious that the simple classical physics still applies to this quantum system. These are some of the situations where this type of motion is observed and the table shows how the equations are manipulated to fit the system under examination ( Hayek , 2003; 562; Mispelter, 2006: 38; Dirac, 1958: 108; Boylsestad, 2010: 871). In conclusion the mass and spring system’s motion is elegantly described by some simple mathematics that can be manipulated to suit systems that have external forces acting on the motion of the system. The beauty of this is that the mathematics can then be applied to much more complex systems. References: Boylestad, Robert. (2010) Intrductory Circuit Analysis, 12th edition. Pearson. Dirac, P. A. M. (1958). The Principles of Quantum Mechanics, 4th edition. Oxford University Press Hayek, S. I. 2003. Mechanical Vibration and Damping. Encyclopaedia of Applied Physics. Levitt, M. (2012). Spin Dynamics, Basics of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 2nd edition. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Mispelter, J. (2006) NMR probeheads for biophysical and biomedical experiments: theoretical principles practical guidelines. Imperial College Press. Schrà ¶dinger, E. (1926). An Undulatory Theory of the Mechanics of Atoms and Molecules. Phys. Rev. 28 (6) pp 1049-1070. Serway, R. A., Jewett, J. W., Serway, R. A. (n.d.). Physics for scientists and engineers, with modern physics. Belmont, CA: Thomson-Brooks/Cole.

Copyright Laws And How They Have Affected Society. Copyright

Copyright Laws and How They Have Affected Society Copyright laws have been in place for over two hundred years. They are meant to protect from the unauthorized and unlawful use of ideas and media under law, and protect the artist’s integrity. The types of media protected ranges from books to movies, from TV to picture art. In it’s own way, copyright laws have affected society and how media is distributed across the world. Copyright Laws The current copyright laws we use have been in place since 1976, when the Copyright act was put in place. (Copyright law, 2017) This act was meant to reform the copyright laws into a easier to understand format, and a easier use by people. The laws protect ideas and media from unauthorized and unlawful†¦show more content†¦After it is registered, your copyright claim is valid for seventy years after you die, unless your work was created by a company or corporation, to which it remains after ninety years. (Ravgiala, 2017) Copyright of Movies, Films and Television All audiovisual works are protected under section 101 of the US copyright code. This prevents the copying, distribution of, or plagiarism of copyrighted visual works. Most of these infringements occurs when someone sneaks some kind of recording device into a theater and records it there. Then they either put it up on the internet for free, or sell it for a cheaper price than you would get a ticket at the movies. Movies are, however, protected under the fair use law. Section 107 allows audiovisual works to be used in a non-commercial environment, such as a educational institution. For instance, if a teacher wants to show a movie about volcanos to his class, he can, as long as the movie was lawfully obtained by the teacher or the school administration. (Cameron, 2017) These rules all relatively apply to television as well. The thieves record the airing of a show, and then post it somewhere on the internet. The thieves have also been known to transcribe the script of a show as it airs, and then post this ‘script’ on the internet. Most of these are intentional infringement and can cost you a lot of money in the future for stealing any monetary gain fromShow MoreRelatedThe Digital Age And The Digital Age1405 Words   |  6 PagesThe digital age has brought change in many areas of modern society, and has forced us to discuss the way it has affected our modern laws. The digital age has proven difficult when handling laws associated with the internet, privacy and copyright. Additionally, the entertainment industry has seen it’s own ups and downs in this ever evolving digital era. 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Copyright is the right owned by the creative artist to utilize or let use his composition by whoever needs with the proper establishedRead MoreThe Effects Of Music On The Music Industry1500 Words   |  6 Pageswithout a major record label. But there still isn’t a free-for-all market where the music maker can be as free as they want, and maybe not as easy as it should be to reach out to an audience. The fact that music often is received differently in our society depending on the genre, is something we all know of but might don’t recognize. In any industry where money is power- the easier it is to get that money, the better it is for the business. A good example of somewhere the business side of this industryRead More Divorce in China Essay1741 Words   |  7 Pagesthat these socio-economic changes have influenced the society both positively and negatively. The most two significant changes of all would be the Cultural Revolution which took place during 1960s and the economic transition to the market economy, which has been in effect since 1980s. In this research paper I will focus on the impacts of the ongoing socio-economic changes on what is called a â€Å"traditional† family in China. To be more specific, I will try to analyze how the divorce has become one of theRead MoreImpact Of The Digital Millennium Copyright Act On Copyright Enforcement And Fair Use3378 W ords   |  14 PagesMillennium Copyright Act on Copyright Enforcement and Fair Use Jean-Paul Muyshondt University of North Carolina Wilmington Abstract The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 has changed the focus of copyright enforcement away from the act of copyright infringement and toward the act of circumvention of the technologies used to protect the rights of digital media owners. Additionally, the act has had adverse effects that outweigh the benefits that it provides. Key Words: copyright, DMCA, DRM

Racial Injustice And Police Brutality - 1208 Words

I stand here today to present you with the issue that needs to be addressed immediately: racial injustice and police brutality. America is base on the fundamental principle of equality and freedom to be individual. However, this cannot happen due to the unjust to we, the blacks. Our ancestors helped through the civil revolution, many great people- such as Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King, President Obama that try to create equality for people. America is a place where people of different color love and accept each other despite their differences. Throughout history, black people being treated brutality that led to the death of many innocent blacks who were killed by police officers, and we need to put a stop to this. People will always hear that their black male or female were killed by a higher authority figure; however, they still face no consequences. Most of the time the police officers that are not held accountable for the killing of unarmed black males because no criminal c harges are pressed against them. There are still police officers on the street, discriminating blacks because they do not believe that blacks are equal to them. Many police officers that will kill even a young black male or female and then get a away with it. Yes, all human lives are valuable, but today I am specifically addressing the black lives matter movement. Blacks lives matter movement is important because we are addressing the white supremacy in our nation. It is an cry out for helpShow MoreRelatedMothers Reclaiming Our Children ( Roc )1529 Words   |  7 Pageslimited or adversely affected exclusively in relation to criminal activities. The racial differences tend to contribute the minorities receiving brutal treatment from the police officers. The children get to face longer and worse juvenile experiences as compared to the white kids. The police violence cases have gained popularity in the recent years with some of the community members terming the scenarios as post-racial experiences (Gilmore, 2004). Arguments have been established suggesting that theRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther Kings Letter From Birmingham Jail925 Words   |  4 Pagesvia protests, states that â€Å"injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.† In other words, injustice in all forms should be addressed and eradicated, or else it will spread and threaten the justice to which every person, regardless of race, is entitled. These words, written over fifty years ago, still ring true as America struggles seemingly more than ever with racial inequality. Though strides have been made since Martin Luther King’s days in Birmingham, injustice prevails in the form of politicalRead MoreThe News And On The Media954 Words   |  4 PagesIn a world where racism is a sensitive topic, police brutality has been placed in this catego ry. Brutality from police officers is heartbreaking because they are supposed to protect us, and seeing other colored people getting their lives taken without justice is disappointing. Police brutality is unacceptable because of the uneven racial statistics, the unequal justice that is being distributed, and unfair accounts in the news. Statistics play an important role in what people believe. StatisticsRead MoreThe Hate U Give By Angie Thomas1402 Words   |  6 Pagestheir voices to overcome injustices such as racial inequality and police brutality. Racial inequality and police brutality is discussed greatly throughout The Hate U Give, due to the difficulties the protagonist, Starr Carter, endures when her best friend, Khalil, is killed because of him being African American and situated in an unsafe neighborhood. Starr embraces an inner conflict with herself in regards to speaking up and taking action against the presented injustices she constantly faces. 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Crime : Racial Profiling1662 Words   |  7 PagesColor vs. Crime Racial profiling, according to The Leadership Conference, â€Å"refers to the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on race, ethnicity, religion or national origin.† This is a troubling pressing issue in the United States till this day. Racial profiling is patently illegal and violates the U.S. Constitution’s core promises of equal protection under the law to all and freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures. MoreoverRead MorePolice Brutality : A Social Problem1548 Words   |  7 PagesPolice brutality is a social problem faced in many communities around the world. Focusing on North America, the problems and central focuses on police brutality stem from racism and the excessive abuse of power. Police brutality is defined as unmerited, excessive and aggressive abuse, police brutality is a phenomenon that causes irreparable harm to its victims. The abuse may be physical or psychological, and the v ictims can feel the effects of this abuse for a lifetime. These effects include not

Polish Compliance and Holocaust Essay Example For Students

Polish Compliance and Holocaust Essay In no other country than ancient Israel have Jews lived consistently and for as many centuries in as large number, and with as much autonomy as in Poland . The late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries brought huge waves of Jewish settlers into Poland, and by the beginning of the Second World War in 1939 there were approximately 3.5 million Jews living throughout the Polish countryside. The Jewish people within Poland lived in a self-contained world, with a unique network of religious, social and political institutions. Throughout their existence in Poland the Jews were faced with numerous obstacles stemming from various external and internal threats. External threats played a decisive role in Jewish history when Poland was unified into one nation alongside Russia to the East and Germany in the West. Each country became guilty of engaging in repeat incursions into the others territory, which created sharp cultural divides. Internal threats occurred with the German Catholic Church prea ching anti-Semitism to the Polish population, and industrialization in the nineteenth century established a Polish middle class threatened by Jewish success in medicine and banking industries. The Polish Jews had been the subjects of discrimination, humiliation and manipulation at the hands of their fellow countrymen, but not until World War Two did they think that their neighbours or friends would be capable of committing violent hate crimes. During the occupation of Poland between 1939 and 1945 Nazi officials were amazed by the majoritys willingness to collaborate, especially in terms of the Jewish final solution. In towns all over Poland violent pogroms erupted and Jewish citizens were murdered, not by enemy soldiers but by those they interacted with and saw on a daily basis. To construct a reality into the causes of collaboration in 1939, it is necessary to examine Polish history, particularly the political, economic and cultural factions which for so long perpetuated discrimina tion against the Jewish population. Only when we are able to view these patterns of anti-Semitism throughout Polish history can we begin to understand a collaboration that ended in the destruction of over a million innocent Jewish civilians. Anti-Semitic traditions in Poland interested the German Nazi party so much that Hedrick Himmler found it of value to make his top SS officials study nineteenth century Polish history . The earliest era of discrimination against the Jews in Poland was centered around a religious conflict. The German Catholic Church which was the dominant religious body in Poland imposed its will onto the Polish majority and subsequently persecuted the Jewish population for their religious affiliations. Thus anti-Semitism during Polands earlier years attacked the Jews and their beliefs, but unlike similar situations in England and France hardly any acts of violence occurred on the basis of religion. The first real threat to the Jewish communities came with the div ision of the Polish territory in the nineteenth century. Poland prior to unification was made up of three distinct regions that during the previous centuries had developed different political and economic traditions, and were made up of distinct ethnic groups. Jewish entrepreneurs prospered during the years leading up to World War One, and in almost every Polish town the majority of businesses were run by Jewish families. The once minimal prejudice that existed against Jewish citizens was tremendously increased by the success of Jewish business, and a harsh environment slowly began to emerge. The further division of Polish territory came about and was drawn up in the Treaty of Versailles after World War One. As the country struggled to solve its problem of increased hatred toward national minorities, the Versailles Treaty was signed and again re-distributed the ethnic composition within areas of Poland. Ethnic minorities especially of Jewish decent compromised almost thirty percent of Polands population, which meant that new boundaries allowed ethnicity and religious affiliation to overlap promoting cumulative cleavages in areas . World War One not only demonstrated increased hostility against minorities, but also early Polish compliance with enemy forces. Early on the Poles established a variety of strategies for coping with occupiers, which proved their ability to endure and the capacity to comply with the wishes of invading troops. The Poles have always employed a strong positivistic tradition with occupation which includes an attempt to maintain peaceful effort and find co-existence with the occupier, but also to promote national identity at the same time . The authorities and political figures of Poland during World War One kept the country unified by endorsing a sense of patriotism and distinguished the enemy not as invading forces, but as those minorities who threatened true Polish identity. The weak cultural structure of Poland after World War One enab led the clear division of a Polish majority versus unwanted Jewish minorities. Racism embedded in the Polish culture cannot alone explain the collaboration that occurred during World War Two, the political crisis that plagued Poland after the First World War also played a decisive role. .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259 , .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259 .postImageUrl , .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259 , .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259:hover , .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259:visited , .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259:active { border:0!important; } .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259:active , .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259 .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6ffdded01b07708518f04737000cb259:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nuclear Weapons Essay Paper The politics in Poland after World War One left the Executive struggling to establish a democratic constitution. In an attempt to mirror Western democratic policy and avoid power in the hands of an authoritarian ruler, the Polish constitution gave considerable power to the legislative branch of government. This institutional decision in an attempt to promote checks and balances, and avoid excessive executive power realistically created a system of unsure legislative rulers. Ironically this effort to remove power from the top gave Jozef Pilsudski and the National Democratic Party the ability to manipulate an inexperienced legislature. This rapid introduction into Europe of a new formula of legitimacy went against traditional Polish civic culture, and tainted its institutions. The first political crisis that occurred in Poland post-Versailles highlighted the issue of minorities and their place in the community. The countries first President Gabriel Narutowicz a staunch supporter of min ority rights was assassinated a year after entering office which the National Democratic Party made clear they approved of, although they did not commit the actual murder . This subsequently created a sharp conflict with minorities when the National Democrats later came into power. Before long it was clear that a stronger executive power was necessary to cope with the countries most pressing issue; nationalist pride. In 1937 one party grabbed a hold of the countries attention the young members of the National Democratic Party began to campaign their admiration for fascism. Although they disliked Germans as a whole they admired Hitlers ideals for race and space and a strong nation united by patriotism. Any sort of government reform during the interwar era was meant to discriminate and expropriate the right of Polish Jews. The National Democrats supported that new education lines be drawn which explicitly disallowed Ukrainian and Jewish families to have their children taught in their native language. Aside from discriminatory racial policy the Polish government did not agree on much else, and eventually a process of intimidation began to emerge between the separate parties. A gradual alienation between the countries political parties resulted in a no party system, a kind of benevolent authoritarianism. Extreme political action took place in this new government, and in 1938 the Poles actually established a form of political concentration camp . Within the camp walls a wide array of radical political opponents were detained, for example polish communists or leaders of the Jewish faith. This polish ideology of hate the Germans, not the Nazis stayed with the government right up until the occupation of September 1939. A London official upon his return from Poland in 1938 reported that the government exaggerated its love for pro-Jewish policies, in reality it is hard to distinguish their laws from those of Hitler himself. It is now evident that a history of Polish po litics, economics and culture worked against the Jewish population. Understanding how the Poles could support Nazi racial policy comes from understanding the past, but turning personal beliefs into random acts of violence requires explanation. Upon first glance it is hard to distinguish whether the actions of the Polish people were of co-operation or collaboration. The two concepts are very distinct argue many historians and for the country of Poland during their occupation, the term collaboration is best suited. In studying Polish collaboration it is important to examine the things that do not make someone a collaborator, as people have a tendency to associate any co-operative behaviour with the Nazis as collaborative. Citizens throughout Europe benefited from the German genocide of the Jewish population, many Polish business owners for example saw increased profit as Jews were deported to the ghettos. This indirect advantage for Polish businessmen does not indicate their support f or genocide or even efforts to aid the destruction of Jewish property, it merely shows the lack of resistance many poles exhibited during occupation. Blackmail was another feature many people confused with collaboration, as German officials used personal information of Polish citizens for their compliance in identifying Jewish authority. Although the information brought forward Polish citizens resulted in the murder of innocent Jewish people, the intention to destroy was not initially present. According to Janet T. Gross a prominent historian specializing in the Holocaust, a true collaborator is someone who is prepared to grant the occupier authority rather there simply providing support or information. Once identifying who qualifies as a collaborator the next step is to examine the form of government that existed in the occupied country prior to defeat. It is easiest and most rewarding for the occupier to find collaborators within the political establishment of a country, preferabl y one considered legitimate by the people. As previously stated the National Democratic Party of Poland prior to occupation received overwhelming public support, and even shared the same racial ideology as the Nazis against the Jewish population. In March 1939, the Germans entered Poland with the intention of creating a token Polish state which meant one with strong nationalist tendencies. The first step was to work with Polish officials in government to help identify those citizens who played a prominent role prior to occupation. The peasant leader Wincenty Wilos was one target of the Nazi occupiers, as he exuded a great deal of influence over minorities throughout Poland. Wilos was tried and executed by members of the SS, and was labeled a traitor to Poland, which in one act rid the occupiers and the National Democrats of a potential threat to nationalism. This incident proved that in the earliest days of occupation Germans sought out political collaborators, and once key disturba nces were eliminated by the Nazis they cut off ties to their Polish informants. It is apparent as to why Germans sought after collaborators within the Polish government, but the real question is why Polish officials turned on members of their own community. It is profitable for any occupier to obtain some form of political legitimacy, but conversely the defeated government might want to minimize the consequences of defeat as the ultimate authority and from collaboration could function under conditions of limited sovereignty without losing the allegiance of its people. The Polish government was faced with a no win situation, a lack of collaboration would result in their removal or even destruction, yet collaborating with an occupying force would mean turning their back on the people they were elected to protect.

The Bible Eve and Female Place in the World

The role of women in society is considered to be one of the most burning and captivating issues of all the times. People face numerous problems during the discussions whether it is correct to make men and women equal to each other or not. This is why lots of people try to use as reliable sources as possible to prove the chosen idea.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Bible: Eve and Female Place in the World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More And of the first sources, used in discussions concerning women place and role, is the Bible. The fact that Eve was created not first but second and the idea, came from Hebrew religion, that Jacob is considered to be the favorite implied for a long period of time that women were inferior to men; however, nowadays, lots of contradictions take place on these arguments and the discussions about woman’s role in society become more and more urgent. The questions of gender in equality are inherent to many cultures and nations; some nations prefer to rely on religion in order to satisfy society; the other nations take into consideration modern points of views and moral values. However, during a long period of time, The Holy Bible was considered to be the major religious text that helped to clear up the different between women and men, their roles, and duties. The point is that even The Holy Bible represents several approaches to the discussion of this concept. The New Testament and The Old Testaments tell that women have to inferior to men as the authority of God is really great, and God is the only one, who has the right to judge, divide, or make equal. In these testaments, women take the second place and may be regarded as men’s properties. However, The Gospels of Jesus, which appeared between The Old and New Testaments, underline how powerful women could be and that the equality between men and women was obligatory. However, the power of God wa s really huge, this is why the point that God created Eve second provided many people with a chance to underline women’s inferiority to men. The Hebrew Yisrael presents other evidence that males have a kind of privilege in comparison to females. Jacob got inspiration from God, so, God perfects his favor and admiration on Jacob more than on any other person, and any woman in particular. He is the only one, who can communicate to God and introduce God’s messages to other people. Due to such God’s preference, Hebrew boys have more rights, choices, and freedoms. Is it relates to The Holy Bible and Eve’s creation? Maybe; however, each religion has its own values, and the Islamic people made their choice in favor to male priority. Of course, women have certain rights, but still, their rights are dependent on many other factors, connected to male activities. The Holy Bible is the first source that divided people in accordance with their genders. From the Old Te stament, the roles of women were not that significant. The fact that Eve was created second allows many people to believe that women are inferior to men. However, times have been changed, and values are different now. It is hard to prove that women are inferior to men, and those people, who still believe the ideas, offered in The Holy Bible, just do not have enough imagination to prove women’s inferiority within own words.Advertising Looking for report on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This report on The Bible: Eve and Female Place in the World was written and submitted by user Maurice Middleton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.