Appositives and Descriptions

Appositives and Descriptions Appositives and Descriptions Appositives and Descriptions By Mark Nichol Journalists effectively confound an appositive (a distinct word or expression that is comparable to an individual, spot, or thing that is named) with an expression that basically portrays an individual, spot, or thing named, or make disarray by inaccurately wording or accentuating an appositive or a depiction. The accompanying sentences exhibit different kinds of such mistakes. 1. My name is John Smith, item chief for Global Tetrahedron. This development makes the feeling that â€Å"product chief for Global Tetrahedron† is a piece of John Smith’s name. That piece of the sentence must be made particular from the principle provision as the premise of a different autonomous proviso (â€Å"My name is John Smith, and I am item director for Global Tetrahedron†) or the subject must be revamped with the goal that the sentence conventionally distinguishes John Smith instead of indicating what as far as anyone knows comprises his name (â€Å"I am John Smith, item chief for Global Tetrahedron†). 2. Jane Jones, leader of World Wide Widgets declared that the organization will unite its product offering. The expression â€Å"president of World Wide Widgets† is an appositive of â€Å"Jane Jones† (Jane Jones is the leader of World Wide Widgets, and the leader of World Wide Widgets is Jane Jones), so one must be set off incidentally from the other: â€Å"Jane Jones, leader of World Wide Widgets, reported that the organization will solidify its item line.† 3. Jeb Bush’s nearness in the race and his raising support potential werent enough to deter individual Floridian, Senator Marco Rubio, and in excess of twelve different Republicans from entering the race. Incorporation of a comma between an illustrative expression and the thing or thing phrase it depicts, as appeared here, is an uncontrolled uncorrected blunder that urges significantly more essayists to commit the error. The issue is the likeness of a basic clear expression, for example, â€Å"fellow Floridian† to an appositive expression, for example, â€Å"a individual Floridian,† which is incidental and along these lines nonessential without yielding understanding or culmination. In any case, â€Å"Fellow Floridian† can't be extracted from the sentence, nor can â€Å"Senator Marco Rubio,† which has been treated as a discretionary incidental. To determine the issue, erase the incidental commas (yet additionally erase Senator, which rivals â€Å"fellow Floridian† as a descriptor) or essentially embed a preceding â€Å"fellow Floridian† (and hold Senator): â€Å"Jeb Bush’s nearness in the race and his gathering pledges potential werent enough to discourage individual Floridian Marco Rubio and in excess of twelve different Republicans from entering the race† or â€Å"Jeb Bush’s nearness in the race and his raising money potential werent enough to prevent a kindred Floridian, Senator Marco Rubio, and in excess of twelve different Republicans from entering the race.† Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Grammar classification, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:12 Signs and Symbols You Should KnowTaser or Tazer? Tazing or Tasering?List of 50 Compliments and Nice Things to Say!

Respond essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

React - Essay Example Individuals need to dispose of their otherness in the other culture through osmosis. They need to embrace Anglicized names so as to have themselves acknowledged as should be expected creatures. They would prefer not to be de alla, for which they need to receive a personality that is not quite the same as one they are brought into the world with. Henceforth, Munoz’s primary spotlight is on the need of individuals to embrace Anglicized names to adjust in another culture that is better than their own. 2. Munoz doesn't express his proposition articulation straight away; rather, he begins with a record of a Mexican lady calling a guest at the air terminal, and afterward portrays how his cousins and others in the family changed their names so as to get themselves acknowledged in the English society. Munoz, a lot later in the paper, discusses how osmosis influences one’s personality, when he says: â€Å"It applies to expecting to have a place, of seeing all things considered and thinking about how to get in and afterward, once inside, acknowledging there are consistently those still on the fringe† (Munoz, para.17). In a similar section, Munoz states how the destructive impact of absorption influences an individual’s social personality. He expresses that absorption brings about one culture uprooting the other, and this happens when one can't continue two characters in one being, for which he needs to leave one and embrace the other that is helpful for him as far as living and calling. One needs to yield to the new culture to feel acknowledged, or from a more extensive perspective, to escape from ethnic/racial segregation. 3. Munoz gives arrangements of names to strengthen his theory articulation. He specifies names of his cousins, his granddad, and others in his loved ones, to underline upon his proposal proclamation. I thought that it was a smidgen diverting, despite the fact that it was useful in understanding what he truly intended to state. A couple of models were extremely important to get a reasonable seeing, however I truly thought that it was irritating to experience such a large number of names,

Emotional Pain in Bipolar Depression

Emotional Pain in Bipolar Depression Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Depression Print Emotional Pain in Bipolar Depression Bipolar Depression Symptoms - Part 3 By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on April 12, 2019 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights Silvia Sanchez De Freitas/Moment/Getty Images Emotional pain isnt unique to depression. For example, all of the symptoms listed under this heading in Warning Signs of Depression can appear in times of grief. Individual symptoms or a cluster of them may be triggered by other events as well - job loss, divorce, a profound disappointment. If the symptoms continue too long, they may require treatment. But by themselves, these symptoms dont necessarily indicate the presence of major depression. Lets take a look at them: Emotional Pain Prolonged sadnessUnexplained, uncontrollable cryingFeelings of guiltFeelings of worthlessnessLoss of self-esteemDespair/hopelessnessHelplessness These symptoms, especially taken individually, are not unique to clinical depression. Feeling helpless, for example, may be a reasonable initial reaction to a difficult situation. In bipolar depression, however, a feeling of helplessness is likely to be: Combined with other types of emotional painCombined with other types of depressive symptomsProlonged beyond a reasonable timeMore severe than is reasonable As I said, any one or more of these symptoms could be a common reaction to a traumatic event. But if they dont get any better after a reasonable amount of time, are increasing in severity or are significantly impacting your functioning, you should seek help. One element that can differentiate bipolar depression from a more expectable emotional reaction, is that in a person suffering from a mood disorder, these symptoms may also occur spontaneously, without any clear triggering stress. At the same time, any stressful life event - be it sorrowful or even joyous - has the potential to set off a depressive episode in someone with major depression or bipolar disorder. Thus, it is particularly important to monitor someone with a history of depression, mania or hypomania after any kind of major life occurrence, such as divorce or marriage, a death or a birth.

The Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe and Hunters in...

In comparing suspense in the two short stories: â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† by Edgar Allan Poe and â€Å"Hunters in the Snow† by Tobias Wolff, I am drawn to more of a suspense feeling with the story â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado.† The difference between the short stories are within their genre. In the â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† the story is told from the first person point-of-view, which makes the story more personal. The suspense is ever growing, while Montresor and Fortunato are going down the dungeon. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† show a horror short story concept. The suspense is the key feature of such stories in general. When using suspense in a story, you want the reader to be engaged and drawn in to the plot of the story. When drawing Fortunato†¦show more content†¦Kenny jerked backward against the fence and buckled to his knees. He folded his hands across his stomach. â€Å"Look,† he said†¦Ã¢â‚¬ You shot me,† he said† (Wolff). The story is even in a third person point-of-view. In conclusion, we can all agree that â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is the more suspenseful story. The story written by Edgar Allan Poe is a horror short story, shorter than the story written by Wolff, and is told by a first person point-of-view, as where â€Å"Hunters in the Snow† reaches its peak only at the end of the story. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† brings you to the edge of your seat, leaving you wanting to read more. The story shows darkness and betrayal. Edgar Allan Poe’s short story â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† portrays how pride will lead a person to downfall, revenge, and hatred, especially when Montresor has been insulted by Fortunato, and his pride leads him to seek revenge. The power of pride is clearly seen in the character of Montresor. Montresor shows great pride in his family name that â€Å"When [Fortunato] ventured upon insult, [Montresor] vowed revenge† (Poe). Montresor couldn’t let himself be put down because that would make him weak and inferior, so he carefully plans out his revenge for Fortunato. Montresor’s family motto plays a heavy part in his revenge, â€Å"Nemo me impune lacessit,† which is translated to â€Å"No one dare attack me with impunity† (Poe). Montresor’s ancestors even show greater force with their words; they felt that it is their duty to crush any

The Philip Morris Anti Smoking Campaign Essay - 1329 Words

The Philip Morris Anti Smoking Campaign Traditionally, many advertisements released by cigarette brands under the Philip Morris label have depicted happy people joined together in friendship (supposedly due to their common habit). Other advertisements attempted to associate cigarettes with sleek mystical figures, sometimes even sexually desirable ones. All this has changed, however, due to recent legal developments in which the cigarette giant was pressured to offer anti-smoking ads, in addition to the usual fictional ones depicting happy mannequins. In no way were they to advertise cigarettes, and they were mandated to help stop youth smoking. These requirements placed Philip Morris in a difficult situation. They needed to satisfy the†¦show more content†¦The two tree-covered banks of the river converge in the distance far beyond the dingy as if to immortalize the moment. This moment, as the reader discovers, is one which should be anything but immortalized. Hidden up in the clouds is a well-camouflaged light ye llow box reading HELP ME UNDERSTAND WHY SOME KIDS YOUR AGE SMOKE CIGARETTES. As the eye continues to wander down towards the darkened water between the dingy and the camera, one arrives at some text at the bottom of the page just beyond the edge of the picture. At the right is another yellow box similar to the one up in the clouds. This one contains the text, TALK TO YOUR KIDS ABOUT NOT SMOKING. THEYLL LISTEN.. On the left are two small paragraphs in plain font, containing the quote How to start the conversation [about smoking] is up to you. The attention of the reader returns to the image, and once again sees nothing but a bleak emotionless picture. Just to make sure the advertisement does not attract any potential vacationers, the river is dotted with algae, and there is not a single artificial structure in sight. In comparison to the dozens of other ads found in magazines such as this one, nearly any reader would simply pass over it without a second thought. For those who *do* pl ay closer attention, however, Philip Morris has carefully chosen visual queues to quickly send them on to the next page. The ad plays on the need to escape, but instead ofShow MoreRelatedAnti Smoking Programs For Smoking1589 Words   |  7 Pagesassociated with smoking has dramatically changed. In comparison with the youth of our grandparents, the novelty, rebellion, and the social normality linked to smoking has significantly depleted. The past decade has altered that perception further and changed the idolization of smoking into a more stigmatized and negative view. Such attitude change has been a process and can be attributed to the utilization of many anti-smoking programs. The first large-scale national anti-smoking program was implementedRead MoreThe Ethics of Marlboros Marketing647 Words   |  3 Pagesand regulate their marketing activities into compliance with the marketing ethics while those irresponsible one may not. Background Marlboro, the largest selling brand of cigarettes in the world, is made by Philip Morris International (PMI). It launched a series of new marketing campaign, which is called â€Å"Dont be a maybe†, aiming at young people across 50 countries in 2011. PMI tried to promote its products with advertisements that try to persuade the youth to smoke. For example, a poster in SwitzerlandRead MorePhilip Morris Ethical Issues Essay2355 Words   |  10 Pages385 Philip Morris International Inc. Cigarettes an Ethical Dilemma For a Prosperous Company By Matthew Murray Table of Contents Company Overview Company Success and Campaigns Tobacco Regulation and Effect on the Company An Ethical Look on an â€Å"Evil† Company Philip Morris and Positive Ethical Behavior Company Views and the Utilitarian Approach The Fact of the Matter for Philip Morris In Conclusion References Company Overview The Philip Morris founded a cigaretteRead MorePhilip Morris Csr5412 Words   |  22 PagesTobacco Industry2 In 1990s, tobacco was a business which generated one of the biggest profits, however, it was a business which aroused a great deal of contraventions. Five companies dominated American tobacco market. The leader of the market was Philip Morris Companies, Inc., which was also the largest cigarettes maker in the world, controlled almost the half of U.S tobacco market. It was also the owner of Marlboro, which was the world’s second-most-valuable-brand. Almost 107 billion dollars, it wasRead More Cigarette Advertising Essay1321 Words   |  6 Pagesother products. Cigarette companies market their products with blatant lies. No one is shown with yellowed teeth or suffering from a hacking cough. Instead, smokers are always pictured as being in the pink of health. More alarmingly, smokers and smoking are perceived as being desirable. This perception has seemingly permeated every facet of popular culture. The sad truth today is—cigarettes are cool! More overt instances of cigarette companies attempting to marry their products with images havingRead MorePhillip Morris Marketing Analysis Essay3760 Words   |  16 PagesPurpose / ObjectiveÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…....3 MethodologyÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…4 Case Analysis: - Financial Status - The Industry: Market Segmentation SWOT analysisÂ…Â….Â…Â…...Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…..Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….5 I. Introduction Background: To most, Philip Morris (PM), is only known as a dominant force in the manufacturing and marketing of cigarettes. However, over the past thirty years, as a result of numerous acquisitions and diversification strategies, PM has become a highly respectable participant inRead MoreCigarette Companies in Capitalism1634 Words   |  7 Pagesincluding doctors claiming that cigarettes do not cause harm to health. Tobacco companies advertise connecting social values that the public wants and smoking. Despite the fact that connections may not be true, many people tend to believein those falseadvertisements. Philip Morris is famous for creating the image of Marboloman: a ruggedcowboy smoking a cigarette in nature. This image of Marlboro man convinced males to think that they will look masculine if they smoke tobacco. The romanticized fantasiesRead MorePhillip Morris: Changing Marketing Strategies As a Result of New Governmental Laws and Regulation Regarding Smoking2732 Words   |  11 Pagesnegative health effects associated with cigarettes had become apparent, the society became aware of harmful effects of smoking, its addictiveness, the toxicity of tar; Western governments have shifted away from undisguised support of the tobacco industry towards an emphasis on population health interests, and in the 1990s, the future of the largest tobacco company in the world, Philip Morris was put under a question. The company desperately needed a new image and a new business strategy. The year 2013Read MoreSupply and Demand Curve in Tobacco Industry2004 Words   |  9 PagesSupply curve Of cigarettes in Australia Introduction: Recently, there has been a new trend in the tobacco industry in Australian society due to the increased prices of cigarettes, mainly for the reason that â€Å"with more than 3.1 million people still smoking today, tobacco still being the leading cause of death by a wide margin†¦ â€Å" (Scollo amp; Winstanley, p.xiii, 2008). Therefore, this report will illustrate the market structure of Australia tobacco industry, and then make analysis about the price chancesRead MoreWhy You Should Quit Smoking Essay1150 Words   |  5 PagesTopic: Smoking in Society Goal: I want to persuade my audience that smoking is a health risk to all of society and that smokers should be encouraged to quit. Thesis: It is imperative for smokers to quit, benefiting society as a whole a well as themselves. Introduction Attention Material: I am from a family where both of my parents dont smoke. There is although a person of my circle who smokes a lot everyday and that is my unlce. All my life I can remember him smoking and trying to quit

Gods Gods And Goddesses Free Essays

The term gods and goddesses can be best explained and understood under four sediment cultural predispositions. First is the monotheistic culture of uneven attitude towards gods and goddesses when God is said to serve as the supreme being of the universe, the one who there are no others, in contrast to the observation Of the Greek philosopher Thales that † the world is full of gods†, the central of Islam begins, â€Å"there is no other God but Allah† and the warning â€Å"you shall have no other gods before† which heads the lists of the ten commandment given to Moses in the biblical world. Secondly, the demystification of the universe comes from the Scientific rationalism that Gods are fiction, a mere projection of natural realities. We will write a custom essay sample on Gods Gods And Goddesses or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thirdly approach is the deistic conceptuality with a general ideas as a metaphysical hypothesis designating ultimate order in the universe, something to be argued about and not something to be sacrificed to. Fourth is the Universalism one that the main gods of the world religions are all versions of the same affable divine reality such as Allah, God, Brahmas, Buddha and Tao from various transcendent mystery. Like myth and rituals, a god is a form of religion that can have any content, which could be demonic or benign, male or female, limited or unlimited in power. It can represent the power of vengeance, kingship, love, ancestry, luck, territory, wisdom, fertility and consciousness. The word god is used generically here to mean any superior being that humans religiously engage; either being visible, invisible, inhabiting past, present or future can function as a god. Buddha and bodhisattva function as gods in many ways, even though they are a very different genre of being than gods of theism. God, odds and goddesses are not fantasy symbols but beings whose realms cannot be violated with impunity and also correlates with the critical points of a world where humans are most open to the power of the others, from political order to ritual purity. Traditionally, Ancestors, Elders and emperors receiving the same reverence as gods appearing as messiah, redeemers and inner guides delivering them of illness and supplications. Hindus acknowledge that, at the most fundamental level, God is the One without a second -? the absolute, formless, and only Reality known as Brahmas, the Supreme, universal Soul. Brahmas is the universe and everything in It. Brahmas has no form and no limits; it is Reality and Truth. Thus Hinduism is a pantheistic religion: It equates God with the universe. Yet Hindu religion is also polytheistic: populated with myriad gods and goddesses who personify aspects of the one true God, allowing individuals an infinite number of ways to worship based on family tradition, community and regional practices, and other considerations. The Your treat their ancestors with great respect, as might be expected in a culture with only oral records of the past, but anthropologist’s debate as to whether the rituals dealing with ancestry are religious in nature, or simply respectful. At least a few groups believe that ancestors, after death, become demigods, but only once they have assumed the personal of a true deity. This resembles another facet of the Your faith, the phenomenon of possession, in which mediums take on the characteristics of one or another of the gods. The characteristics of each god are so well stereotyped that mediums as far off as Haiti loll back their heads and cross their legs in the same way when possessed by the lightning god (Idiot, 1963). In traditional Roman Catholicism the polytheistic outlook Was carried on to some degree in the veneration of multitude of saints. Forty different saints were invoked in the French Vogues as â€Å"guardians of livestock and protectors from all kind of sickness such as gout, toothache and burns (SST. Augustine for instance protected one from warts), as protectors in the storms and against fleas. In Asian, there is a similar assimilation of native spirits of Buddhist saints. The name of invocation could change but the domain (childbirth, small pox etc) of the god or saint remained the same. Some gods are patrons of specific communities of people. In traditional cultures every significant collectivity would have a sacred group spirit of some kind. In many societies domestic spirits or ancestors rule the household circle. The Japanese sun goddesses, Amateurs, is the ancestress of all the gods, the imperial family, and ultimately the Japanese people. Maltreat was the god of tire, Moloch of cartage, Estate of Blush, Maraud of Babylon, Jupiter of Rome and Heehaw of Jerusalem. Christians profess Jesus as their personal Lord and Savior, leaning his presence in the heart and a desire that they are not alone. Mahayana Buddhist tradition speaks of every one being â€Å"the Buddha† â€Å"Islamic mysticism takes its cue from the Guarani phrase that Allah is closer to us than our very jugular veins. The faiths of the Hardbound peoples of Western Nigeria vary significantly from one part of the region to another; the same deity may be male in one village and female in the next, or the characteristics of two gods may be embodied in a single deity in a neighboring region; in the city of Ill Fife in Nigeria alone the trickster god is worshipped under three different names. These variations inevitably arose as the myths were passed by word of mouth; add to them the incorporation into the Your faith of facets of outside religions, particularly Christianity and Islam, and understanding the faith becomes difficult indeed. The religions, however, share a similar structure, â€Å"diffused monotheism†; a single omnipotent creator-god rules over the universe, along with several hundred lower gods, each with a specific domain of rule. Shannon, the god Wool Saying refers to in his poem â€Å"aunt of he Stone†, occupies a major position in the pantheon of the Your, although he holds a less important position in neighboring ethnic groups. Shannon (also spelled Gangs and Sago) creates thunder and lightning by casting â€Å"thunderstorms† down to earth; wherever lightning strikes, priests search the surrounding area for the thrown stone. The Your believe these stones have special powers, and they enshrine the stones in temples to the god. The Your people do not consider him the most powerful or even the most important god; rather, his popularity may have resulted from attempts to radar off the frequent tornadoes that strike western Africa. Curiously, the Your never actively worship their all-powerful god, variously known as Loran (â€Å"the owner Of the sky†) or Lodestar (roughly translates as â€Å"the almighty†), among many other names. Unlike Shannon, who has dozens of shrines erected to him, Loran has not a single shrine; the Your never make sacrifices to him, and he has no priests. He plays much the same role as do the Jude-Christian and Islamic gods– he is â€Å"the creator of all things, the almighty and all-knowing, the giver of life and breath, and the final judge of mankind†, and yet the Your apparently ignore him in their day-to-day lives. A theory explains that perhaps Loran developed through the influence of early Islamic or Christian missionaries, as a simulacrum of the gods of those religions. This finds support in the argument that the Your find the concept of an almighty God so overwhelming and remote that they cannot relate Loran to their reality. Some Your legends have a pair of gods, Originals (Bobtail, Arise-anal) and his wife Audio, as supreme creating deities, either independent of almighty Loran or preceding him. How to cite Gods Gods And Goddesses, Papers

Future of Multinational Enterprise †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Future of Multinational Enterprise. Answer: Introduction: Global trade has dependably been changing and makes a vulnerability of the up and coming innovation and globalization or strategy impacts (Narula, 2014). In addition, the environment is by all accounts ceaselessly including particularly with the landscape in New Zealand and Australia. The cooperation is exceptionally exaggerated with the nonstop and progressive effect of the web in the universal outskirts deciding future rate of monetary development (Mokyr, Vickers and Ziebarth, 2015). The substance that is relating with the same situation can be additionally explained in view of the effectiveness of specific information and outline on the up and coming patterns. The changing patterns in customer's inclinations have disintegrated the topographical hindrances as well as even have supported international trade. On the other hand, the trends feature the innovation, changes in demands took after by strategy and globalization with less expensive cost of data sources. The information on globalization outlines the effect on the yearly development rates that envelops the worldwide increment in rate changes crosswise over years from 1980 2015 (Figure 1). According to this quantitative information, GDP of Australia has been taken from World Bank information inferred in 2016 and is interim in scale running from under 10% to around 25% of fares as GDP. The information depends on rate increment through a period arrangement chart managing changes in fares of worldwide GDP (Bhattacharyya and Williamson, 2016). The variables included in this chart are year (quantitative variables) and the percentage increase in GDP (quantative variable). The data here is an example of descriptive statistics. This is not inferential statistics because the whole population is considered to conduct the study The trend line shows the percentage increase in GDP over the years 1960 to 2015. The values are represented using this line as this will show the trend of the GDP over the years and can be compared very easily. This data set can be enhanced by applying appropriate changes. These changes can be enhanced from the changes that occur from the average value by using standard deviations of the GDP growth. The clarification can be trailed by the ordinal data taken from Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade for Australia determining the main 5 exporters in the interim of 5 years from 1995 (Figure 2). It can be seen that since 90's Japan has one of the colossal fare markets took after by China (Flanagan, 2017). Consequently, it can be anticipated that in later years, Japan and China would be holding the market solid. In any case, the investigation can be exploratory and can subject to change in view of the diverse components that impact the business sectors. The data in figure 2 is ordinal data. The variables included in this chart are year (Quantitative data) and country names (Qualitative data) The numbers show the ranks of the countries with which Australia expresses the most export relation. The year 2025 shows the predictions in the export relation ranks based on the previous trends. Then again, the web use in Australia has been expanding from 2011 till now (Figure 3). The information source in this case is also the Australian Bureau of Statistics in Internet Service Provider Survey through Deloitte's Calculations and the information has proportion scale. According to the information depictions, the volume of information downloads have been continually expanding in New Zealand in contrast with Australia which has been beneath 100,000 Tb crosswise over 5 years. In any case, for this situation a likelihood of probability in odds of volume could have made sureness on the choices made. The variables involved in this figure are year (Quantative variable) and volume of monthly download in Tb (Quantative variable). The data involves the whole population and not a sample of the population. Thus it is descriptive statistics and not inferential statistics. The trend line shows the amount of increase in internet usage over the years 2011 to 2016. The data is shown with the help of multiple line graph as it is easily comparable. With the trail of the discussions above, the exports should be figured from the worldwide increase in demand of essential items from the markets like Australia, New Zealand and China. Information has been taken from Australian Bureau of Statistics from June 2016, which is in the ratio in scale according to the incentive among merchandise and enterprises (Figure 4). Australian exports have been featured by more products (78%) yet the composition of the countrys GDP demonstrates a difference in relation to more rate from administrations (77%) and the same composition of GDP runs with the comparative organization New Zealand too which add up to export of NZ$70.9 billion. The doughnut chart shows the populace through a subset of exports from GDP synthesis. The eventual fate of trade is the way to bring down process with the goal that merchandise can have a decent arrangement among items than administrations (Buckley and Casson, 2016). The variables involved in this figure are the export values of goods and services for the year 2016 (Quantitative variable) The data consists of the whole population and not a sample of it. Thus it is descriptive statistics. The data is represented as percentages of the values The data has been expressed in this manner in order to make easy comparisons. The drivers have additionally being portraying through various factors and have come about that the adjustment in 5 years is particularly for the administration based ventures with the end goal that the computerized patterns and innovation make the best in outlines (Kane et al., 2015). The stacked bar graph delineates the level of the proportion scale estimation. This has been found out on the basis of the data accumulated by Chartered Accountants of Australia and New Zealand in 2016. The measurable outcomes have been figured utilizing the table of distribution of frequency through total rate that can be additionally represented using the median and the cumulative probability curve or the ogive. The portrayal of the information is determining more changes in innovation, changing inclinations and government strategy (Feige and Vonortas, 2017). In addition, even the divisions of forestry and agricultural services have at-most 50% scope by the three drivers altogether and over 70% has b een seen on mass media and communication and on the information as well. The data in figure one contains one variable, changes in drivers. The data is qualitative in nature. The values are shown as percentage of the total values. This is survey data and thus, inferential statistics can be computed on this data in order to represent the whole population from the sample. The data has been expressed in this form to make easy comparisons of the respective categories and the effects of the drivers in each of them. In view of closing this discussion, it can be concluded that, the countries Australia and New Zealand has a solid yet conservative position to develop its export facilities through globalization, approach and changing patterns according to information outline. Also, the measurable instruments that could have additionally profited the outcomes are through exploratory gathering and use of ordinary appropriation with likelihood, which additionally features the deviation in reactions. The overviews went about as a key wellspring of information through Australian Bureau of Statistics and different sources with most recent information in 2016 however a measurable deduction of quartiles could have been supported on the information of fares for a greater clearness in changes. The patterns can be guided when arrangement information for appropriate examination on the patterns. References Bhattacharyya, S., Williamson, J. G. (2016). Distributional consequences of commodity price shocks: Australia over a century.Review of Income and Wealth,62(2), 223-244. Buckley, P. J., Casson, M. (2016).The future of the multinational enterprise. Springer. Feige, D., Vonortas, N. S. (2017). Context appropriate technologies for development: Choosing for the future.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,119, 219-226. Flanagan, S. (2017). Building resilience in Japan-China ties: a role for Australia. Kane, G. C., Palmer, D., Phillips, A. N., Kiron, D., Buckley, N. (2015). Strategy, not technology, drives digital transformation.MIT Sloan Management Review and Deloitte University Press,14. Mokyr, J., Vickers, C., Ziebarth, N. L. (2015). The history of technological anxiety and the future of economic growth: Is this time different?.The Journal of Economic Perspectives,29(3), 31-50. Narula, R. (2014).Globalization and technology: Interdependence, innovation systems and industrial policy. John Wiley Sons.

Going to the X-Stream Case Study free essay sample

After graduating college with an information technology degree, Reihana inherited a substantial amount of money. With investments from multiple family members amp; coupled with his inheritance, Reihana launched X-Stream. X-Stream is a technology company that assembles personal computers and sells them through chain stores amp; independent retailers throughout New Zealand and Australia. The company gained a reputation for having â€Å"quality hardware, customized products, excellent delivery times, and after-sales service† (McShane amp;Von Glinow, 2013). In six short years, X-Stream has grown into a top technology company and was growing fast. â€Å"Gil believed that major decisions should be made by consensus and that individuals should then be empowered to implement these decisions in their own way† (McShane amp; Von Glinow, 2013). Initially meeting with his staff and discussing their current job status, performance, goals, ambitions, and future plans was something he made a point to do at least once a year. We will write a custom essay sample on Going to the X-Stream Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As the company continued to grow, it became increasingly more difficult for Reihana to continue conducting these one-on-one meetings with his staff, so senior management was put in charge of this task for their individual departments. Unfortunately, Reihana did not keep encourage his senior staff to perform the meetings regularly; he was not even sure if they actually performed the meetings at all or if they were working. In an attempt to keep in contact with his non-management staff, he would occasionally eat with them in the cafeteria. Reihana’s senior management team was made up of various professionals with varying ideas of how their department and the company should be run. Much of the staff was extremely headstrong and more boisterous than other members. Denise Commins, chief financial officer was â€Å"quiet, methodical, and very patient† amp; â€Å"her superb interpersonal skills complemented a highly analytical mind† (McShane amp; Von Glinow, 2013). Commins was the go-to person throughout the company when work and/or personal issues arose. Don Head, marketing manager, â€Å"was considered a ruthless operator† and seemed to be more trouble than he was worth (McShane amp; Von Glinow, 2013). Yet he contributed to the continuous rising sales and was a marketing guru. Jason Palu, production manager, â€Å"was a soft-spoken man† who worked hard to get to his current position (McShane amp; Von Glinow, 2013). Although revered for his expertise and efficiency, his autocratic mindset left many of his staff jaded. Heather Berkowitz, chief webpage designer, had a very eclectic work lifestyle. She dressed provocatively, had blue hair, and seldom arrived to work before 11:00am. Yet, like many of the others, her quality and quantity of work outweighed her undoubtedly unprofessional demeanor. With this extremely diverse group and the lack of a formal structure, one can see how conflict can and will easily arise. The company is developing a â€Å"top-of-the-range laptop scheduled to launch in two-weeks’ time,† but Jason wants the timetable pushed back until all of the glitches are worked out. Don, on the other hand, is adamant about keeping the current launch date do in part to the spokesperson he procured who will not be available during the time frame Jason has suggested. This issue has caused a major break in the already fragile working environment. Don has begun a crusade to persuade any and every one he can, through bribes and promises, to take his side. Another issue is with Ramesh Patel, head of e-business applications, who worked with a friend on a new software program. What he thought was done as a favor, was later billed to the company as a $25,000 consultancy fee. Jason Palu’s research and development manager wanted to quit, Jason and Don wanted more money in their respective departments, and to add to an already stressful workplace, the human resources manager has suggested implementing a more structured and professional workplace atmosphere that involves a performance management system; many of the managers strongly oppose this suggestion. Each one of these issues individually could be the demise of a very successful company, but combined, could be catastrophic. The umbrella issue in this organization is leadership. Gil Reihana has a very relaxed approach to managing his employees. He gives more freedom than necessary, which in turn has caused many of his senior management team to feel entitled to behave in any manner they see fit. They have taken advantage of his lack-luster performance as a leader. Leadership is defined as â€Å"the ability to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness of the organizations of which they are members† (McShane amp; Von Glinow, 2013). Reihana does not seem to display any of these characteristics. His senior management team has taken leadership roles beyond just their department. Reihana does not seem to have the control, influence, or respect that a leader should have and deserves. Reihana works from a more servant leadership perspective which explains his one-on-one meetings with his staff about their personal development and why he is so accepting of his current workplace. He wants his employees to flourish as they see fit regardless of the impact it may or may not have on the company. Yet his management team operates on a warped version of shared leadership. Leadership is distributed broadly, each department having a manager that is allowed to run and maintain his or her employees as they see fit, but the departments and the company as a whole do not work together to attain the company’s ultimate goals. Every manager has a singular mindset that undermines Reihana’s business model. Reihana also lacks authentic leadership, which is defined as, â€Å"the view that effective leaders need to be aware of, feel comfortable with, and act consistently with their values, personality, and self-concept† (McShane amp; Von Glinow, 2013). Reihana runs his business in a manner that caters to his senior management team, not he or the business as a whole. He wants everyone to feel empowered and important by inviting all employees to the weekly meetings, but has given no real structure for that to happen and seems to give in and accept what is being presented to him without thought. Conflict has erupted throughout every department and in almost every level of the business do in part to the varying leadership styles displayed. Conflict is â€Å"the process in which one party perceives that its interest are being opposed or negatively affected by another party† (McShane amp; Von Glinow, 2013). Although there are some positive consequences to conflict, X-Stream is only experiencing the negative. Management is wasting time calling meetings (that many people do not attend), no one is willing to talk and share their ideas or solutions, the office itself is becoming more tense, and the team is separating between to parties involved.

These Are the 5 Worst Problems with College Boards AP Program

These Are the 5 Worst Problems with College Board's AP Program SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips We’ve talked a lot about the AP Program in the past – why you would take AP classes, how many you should take, and how AP compares to the IB program. But what are some of the major problems with the AP program?In this guide, we'll go over the top five worst problems that the College Board and the AP program are dealing with. We will also explain how you can avoid these problems and get the most out of your AP courses. The Top 5 Problems With Advanced Placement As a brief disclaimer, we don't expect the Advanced Placement program to be perfect, and there are many benefits to taking AP classes, as we've covered in the past. That said, by covering some of the weaknesses of the AP program, we hope to help students make more informed decisions about their schedules, especially in the midst of today's intense college admissions environment. Problem 1: More Tests Taken = More Failed Tests The AP Program is growing too fast for all the new programs to be supported, especially at low-income schools, leading to more failed tests than anything else. As we’ve discussed in the past, the ultimate goal of taking an AP class is to pass the AP test at the end of the year – if you don’t, you’ve basically wasted the $92 you spent on the exam. So it’s a problem if most of the AP growth in recent years comes from failed exams. College Board often celebrates the results of the fast-growing AP Program – nearly 5 million tests were taken in 2017, for example. However, the flip side to this is that with new AP classes and programs come growing pains, especially in schools that don’t have a lot of funding for new AP programs. It takes a few years for a class to really settle in at a high school, and for a teacher to get used to the AP curriculum. It can take a few years for a teacher to master a curriculum. This takes even longer in low-income schools – explaining why a lot of the growth has come in the form of failed AP tests (you can see how the average test score has fallen over time here). A report from Inside Higher Ed looks at this phenomenon: â€Å"The data also show, however, a more than doubling in the number of AP examinees who only achieve test scores of less than 3 on the exam. (Typically a score of three is the minimum required for college credit, and critics of the program have said that increases in the number of sub-3 scores suggest many students may not be gaining from the courses, a contention disputed by the College Board.) These figures grew from 182,429 to 395,925 during the last decade. Likewise, the number of AP exams with scores of less than 3 also more than doubled, from 521,620 to 1,345,988. The data also show significant gaps in participation rates and success rates (scores of 3 and higher) on the AP exams, by racial and ethnic group. White and Asian students are more likely to participate and to get good scores. Black students are much less likely to do so.† In other words, people are questioning how good the expansion of the AP program actually is if it just means more students are failing AP exams every year. There have been concerns for years among teachers about the program growing too fast, and schools being too lax about which students get to take AP. A 2009 survey of 1,000 AP teachers found that "more than half are concerned that the program’s effectiveness is being threatened as districts loosen restrictions on who can take such rigorous courses and as students flock to them to polish their rà ©sumà ©s." In short, there are thousands of students winding up with failed AP tests each year – which is no good for them or their schools. You could argue that the experience of taking an AP class helps students prepare for college, but the fact remains that rapid expansion is not leading to the best outcomes for many students. Problem 2: Too Much Material, Too Little Time Even though many courses have been revamped, AP still tends to be seen as a shallow, memorization-based program, in comparison to IB and home-grown curriculums at other schools. In one blistering critique of AP classes in The Atlantic, a former teacher writes: "the AP program leads to rigid stultification." He complains that by requiring so much material, AP classes lose depth and the opportunity for meaningful learning. Another study, reported in KQED, finds that â€Å"AP courses don’t always teach critical thinking skills or allow students to explore topics more deeply. Instead, they often turn into a race to cover a wide expanse of information, some say.† Okay, this is a slight exaggeration, but you would be surprised at the size of some AP textbooks. This is especially true in contrast to IB, which explicitly focuses on developing critical thinking and writing skills. By requiring students seeking an IB diploma to write an extended research essay, take a class about theories of knowledge, and including more writing on the exams, the IB program emphasizes critical thinking, research, and writing in the way AP classes simply don’t have time for. Even in places where the AP program has revamped classes, like biology, concerns remain. A Washington Post article notes: â€Å"The new curriculum will encourage more work in science labs and less parroting back of formulas, more work on historical thinking and less memorization of historical minutiae. That all sounds pretty good. But it will do little to improve teaching and learning, especially at schools with low-levels of instructional and administrative capacity.Merely asking teachers to spend less time drilling and more time promoting inquiry, in other words, does not make them able to do so, nor does it prepare their students to succeed in such classes.† A New York Times article further explains why it can be hard for teachers to switch over from drilling to experiments and critical inquiry: â€Å"While Ms. Vangos believes the program could inspire students who â€Å"like to think outside the box,† she worries that the new math requirements will discourage others. And with so many cutbacks these days in education budgets, she says, the need to improve lab facilities at many public schools 'is absolutely going to pose a big problem.' Labs in resource-strapped urban schools often don’t have enough of even basic tools, like dissecting microscopes, for their students.† In short, it’s hard to balance the fact that AP courses tend to pack in tons of material with a desire to emphasize critical thinking and accessibility. Especially in schools without many resources. At the end of the day, if you’re in an AP course, you’ll likely find yourself spending more time drilling definitions with flashcards than, say, conducting experiments or reading novels. The new AP Capstone program does attempt to rectify some of these issues. Read more about it here. Problem 3: You Won't Always Get the College Credit You're Expecting The AP Program might not lead to the college credit you want for two reasons. First, AP classes often aren’t always as rigorous as their actual college equivalents, and some colleges are getting stingy about granting AP credit. Again in The Atlantic, the former teacher argues AP classes aren’t actually equivalent to college-level courses: â€Å"Before teaching in a high school, I taught for almost 25 years at the college level, and almost every one of those years my responsibilities included some equivalent of an introductory American government course. The high-school AP course didn't begin to hold a candle to any of my college courses. My colleagues said the same was true in their subjects.† Additionally, in college, your AP course doesn’t always grant you credit. Sometimes it just gets you out of your department's intro courses – which you might want to take anyway to get a more solid understanding of the material. It can be hard to replicate the college experience in a high school classroom. It’s important to note that many schools – particularly large public universities – will give you credit for AP, especially for gen-ed courses. To look at an example of a public university, at the University of Utah (my local state school) you can get tons of AP credit, enough to knock out your general education requirements in high school. However, many private colleges, especially top-tier ones, are shying away from granting AP credit. For some schools, credit policies are drawn on departmental lines. Math and science AP courses get credit more often than History or English. To look at one example of a top-tier school, Princeton, you can get into harder history courses with excellent AP US or World History scores, but you won’t get credit for your high scores. Meanwhile, at Dartmouth, AP courses will no longer be used to grant any credit at all, though they will get students into higher-level classes. I can also speak to AP credit not panning out. Even though I took nine AP classes, and got seven 5’s and two 4’s, none of them got me class credit at Stanford, since Stanford mostly accepts AP credit from math, science, and language classes. However, those AP classes did a lot to help me prepare for Stanford classes – in fact most of my college study skills came from AP classes. In short, if you’re taking AP classes, you should get used to the fact that even though the classes will help prepare you for college, they might not get you credit once you get there. Problem 4: Students Are Overloading Another problem with AP isn’t so much due to the program itself, but how students (and parents!) react to it. Across the country, students are overloading themselves, thinking that taking ten AP classes is the ticket to a selective school. This leads to stressed-out, burned-out students. Plus, taking AP classes doesn’t even guarantee admission into schools like Harvard and Stanford. Some educators describe AP courses as kind of an â€Å"arms race,† where as certain students take more AP classes, others feel pressured to load up with more to compete. Local newspapers have run lots of articles over the last five years about students feeling the need to overload on AP classes. When students overload, they’re much more likely to get overwhelmed by the work and get lower scores on the exams. It also adds to the enormous amounts of stress associated with today’s college admission process. Problem 5: It Can Exacerbate Education Inequality While AP has often been touted as an equalizing force in education, it tends to just perpetuate unequal outcomes. Well-prepared and well-funded students do well on AP tests, and students from less wealthy schools do worse, so the AP program often reinforces education inequality. College Board often touts AP’s expansion into various public and low-income schools as a victory for education. The truth is that low-income schools often struggle to successfully implement AP programs and get students to pass the exams. So what ends up happening is that, similar to the SAT/ACT, the tests simply reinforce the status quo: students at well-funded schools do well, students at less well-funded schools struggle. Plus, the bigger the program gets, the less power it has to set students apart. Inside Higher Edexplores this phenomenon: â€Å"Consequently, their efforts, while well-intended, never address the underlying problems that affect school quality and educational equity †¦.the expansion of the AP Program failed to promote real parity between the educational haves and have-nots. Because once the AP Program reached a critical mass, it lost its functionality as a mark of distinction. Soon, scores of colleges and universities (Dartmouth being the latest) revised their policies around awarding credit for AP coursework or favoring it in admissions reviews. And ultimately, elite suburban and private schools began to drop the program, calling it outdated, overly-restrictive, and too oriented toward multiple choice tests. Thus, while students at Garfield High in East Los Angeles were for a short time doing the same work as students at Andover, the aim of equity proved a noble and elusive dream.† In short, the AP program isn’t living up to its promise of leveling the education playing field in the US. It’s even having the strange effect of causing certain private schools to drop AP and create their own advanced courses – making AP seem less special in the college admissions process. I’m not saying it’s the AP program’s responsibility to fix educational inequality in the US – education inequality is an enormous problem. It will take much more than just one program to fix it. That said, I think it’s important to evaluate how successful programs actually are in trying to fix the problem – especially if they claim to be part of the solution. So Should You Take AP Classes? Given these problems, should you totally give up on AP? After reading through all of those issues you may be having second thoughts. Not necessarily. I still think the AP program can be a great fit for many students. These are the steps you should take to make sure you get the most out of the program, despite its flaws. #1: Take the Hardest Classes at Your School We’ve looked at problems the AP has nationally, but the reality is you still need to take the hardest classes at your school if you’re looking to get into top colleges. That means you should still take AP classes if your school offers them and you're hoping for a top school but do not overload on them. Meet with your guidance counselor to talk about putting together a challenging mix of your school’s classes that doesn’t overload on AP – especially if your school’s AP program isn’t stellar. (Ask your guidance counselor about the pass rates your AP teachers achieve on the exams, and how often they notice students switching out of AP classes, to get a sense of how good the program is at your school.) If you’re aiming for top schools, your goal is to have a transcript that your counselor will report as â€Å"most rigorous† on the Common App guidance counselor report. If your school has AP, this means that, in most cases, you’ll need to take AP classes. But it doesn't mean you have to take every single AP course your school offers. If you overload, you risk stretching yourself too thin. It’s better to pass two AP tests than to fail four! Also make sure that for any AP class you take, you have solid pre-requisite courses under your belt. (For example, don't take AP Biology without having taken an introductory biology class first.) #2: Match Your AP Courses to Your Goals Do you want to get into a top-tier school? Or are you more interested in skipping general ed requirements at your state school and graduating college early? Your answers to these questions can help you decide which AP classes are worth your effort, and which ones aren’t. If you know what your goals are, you can create a smart AP program for you. For example, if you’re trying to avoid general education classes at your local state school, look up which AP courses fulfill these requirements at your state school, and focus on doing well in those. To take just one example, this may mean choosing to take AP Calculus over AP Art History if you’re looking to complete your college math credit in high school – even if you love art! If you’re aiming for a top school, look at AP courses that allow you to explore your interests and show your academic strengths. To continue our example, this may mean taking AP Art History instead of AP Calculus to demonstrate your interest in the fine arts and humanities. #3: Avoid Common Pitfalls First of all, don’t load up on APs just to have AP classes all over your transcript. Take the right number for you. If this means taking fewer AP classes than your friends, so be it! Remember to pick out classes with your own goals in mind. Also, don’t underestimate the exam – you have to study to pass the AP test, even if you think the class is easy! Getting an A in an AP class but getting a 1 on 2 on the exam looks bad. Make sure to take at least two full practice exams before the real thing. Finally, continue to develop your other interests in high school. Don’t take 10 AP classes but sacrifice a key extracurricular or studying for the SAT/ACT. Remember AP classes are just one factor of an advanced high school experience. #4: Focus on the Positive Although we’ve talked a lot about problems with the AP program, I still think it’s a great way to prepare for college. You can get a lot out of AP – by learning to study on your own, developing self-discipline, and mastering challenging material. At the end of the day, how much you get out of AP classes will depend on how much effort you put in. Despite the numerous problems with AP on a national level, and uneven courses at my local high school, I’m really glad I took nine AP classes in high school. By developing my own study schedules before the tests, I honed my self-discipline and study skills. The writing fluency skills I gained from numerous AP history and English courses were also super helpful in college when I found myself with several essays to write at the end of every quarter. In short, even if the AP program leaves something to be desired at your school, you can still use it to develop your skills. Keep in mind that could mean doing extra studying outside of class and taking studying matters into your own hands. What’s Next? Thinking you should take IB classes instead? Get a comparison of the IB and AP programs. While you might think AP is the key to college, think again. Read about how a high ACT/SAT score is the single most important key to improving your admissions chances. Need some help with your ACT/SAT studying? Check out 21 SAT tricks you should be using, and find out the hidden hints in the ACT instructions. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Critique of Research Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Critique of Research Article - Essay Example In Australia, rural nurses represent an impressive percentage of the nursing community. According to the Association for Australian Rural Nurses, Inc. (Mission and Objectives), there are 90,000 Australian rural nurses. Drury (Online) commented that nurses in rural and remote areas of Western Australia are often sole practitioners, and that community mental health nurses were often sole care providers, responsible for coordinating all aspects of the clients’ care. Therefore, research relating to these 90,000-strong women and men is important to nursing and clinical practice. Topical research, such as treating patients with mental health problems, an area that challenges not just generalist nurses but also well-schooled mental health professionals, is certainly welcomed. The interest is not just theoretical, it is financial, too. The Australian Medical Association’s Submission to the Senate Select Committee on Mental Health (April 2005) noted that between 2000-2001, four mental health-related concerns (Mental Disorders, Nervous System Disorders, Alzheimers/Dementias, Other Nervous System) were responsible for over 25% of the health spending in Australia. The raw figure for spending is in the untold millions. Thus, the provision of timely, appropriate, mental health care is not just an ethical or social imperative, it is a financial one, too, and information pertaining to such care is valuable. Clark et al.’s (205-213) article, â€Å"Rural generalist nurses’ perceptions of the effectiveness of their therapeutic interventions for patients with mental illness,† according to the title, states it will discuss the nurses and â€Å"perceptions of the effectiveness of their therapeutic interventions for patients with mental illness† (205), certainly an important topic. This content description is echoed in the last paragraph of the Introduction, also. However, after reading one or two pages of the article or reviewing the

Response to the article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Response to the article - Essay Example The article by William Robin titled, The Fat Lady is still singing, was in response to an article written by Mark Vanhoenacker that called for the death of this genre of music. In the article, Robin indicates that the passion and enjoyment of this genre of music lives on despite the various shortcomings related to funding challenges and the changing audience being rampant in relation to this genre of music. In fact, William Robin insists that classical music is still alive and it thrives in the current society. To underline his point, Robin insists that there have been various instances that have been used to mark the supposed death of this genre of music. The author indicates by the use of an info graph, the number of times that people have predicted the death of this genre of music with the music not witnessing its death as called on by the prophets. In my view, Robin raises various points although I am wondering why there are no similar discussions related to art forms of paintwork, literature, and cinema. In this case, I think that painting is on its deathbed while, on the other hand, it is my opinion that both cinema and literature are thriving. This brings the status of music in between the dying status of painting and the thriving status of both art forms related to literature and cinema. In particular, this is the current position in which classical music finds itself. My opinion is informed by the fact that the level of creativity surrounding classical music is on the decline as witnessed in the last fifty years although the level of performing classical music is rising, especially due to the heavy influence and the role of the piano as the fundamental accompaniment during performances. At the same time, there is an apparent state whereby individual performers without knowledge and understanding of counterpoints are incre asingly becoming pop stars. This implies that there is a problem although

Gender Equality in Human Resource Management

Gender Equality in Human Resource Management The term Sexual Orientation Equality portrays the equal esteeming of the unique parts expected by men and women. The subject endeavors to vanquish hypothesis pieces and partialities, so both people and females are set up to do likewise getting rewards and contributing towards social, political, social and cash related changes inside society. At whatever go-to individuals and women recognize esteem, the provoke result is a quick and stable change in the economy. The trained and sound women in the general population field are reliable and obliging towards their families and nations (Lorber, 2005) Despite the fact that men and women are disparate physically, it is the financial, political, social and lawful translation of such contracts that eventually prompt to making imbalance among them. In social disparity, men and women commonly have distinctive duties and parts in their day-to-day lives and work. It is foreseen that men appear to do substantially more hazardous and heavier work that is found far from their home. Work done by men seems to have significantly higher status as contrasted and ladies who have the real duty regarding childcare, elderly care, get ready and overseeing sustenance for their families. Gender equality signifies a culture in which men and women have the benefit of the similar opportunities, outcomes, obligations and rights in life. Uniformity amongst ladies and men exist when both genders are fit for sharing commonly in the appropriation of impact and power; have a square with open doors for budgetary flexibility through the arrangement of organizations or work; appreciate equal and simple access to training and the prospects to build up individual claim objectives. Women and men are not made proportional. They each have their God-given qualities, focused on their commitments to multiplication and family common sense. Those qualifications are not easily dismissed. Regardless, those refinements dont bolster sex isolation in general society eye, and in no way, shape or form in the workplace.(Malkin, 2005) Ladies have unequal access to wellbeing administrations and training, confront a biased based impediment at the work environment. Social traditions that drive or empower young women into early childbearing and high school relational unions have hazardous and coordinate results for their wellbeing. There are numerous elevated amounts of severity and viciousness against women nearly in all countries around the globe. This could be among their families where it is managed a regular custom. Violence, in the navigate of furnished conflict, is used to humiliate the foes and to undermine resistance and certainty. The financial imbalance is straightforwardly identified with the money related and budgetary states of women. More than 70% of poor on the planet are women, while the ratio of females living in neediness has fundamentally and lopsidedly expanded as contrasted and men. Ladies likewise have unequal access to vital financial assets like credit, capital, land, and work. Confined open doors for professional success and business are accessible for women. These impediments confine the abilities of women to enhance their budgetary and monetary situation (Zinn, 2005). Ladies have not spoken to properly at all levels of governments necessary leadership in the group, however particularly at national and provincial levels. The legal framework in the greater part of the nations segregates especially against women in the fields of legacy, family law, arrive proprietorship, property, criminal law, and citizenship. The indictment of cases, in the vast majority of the nations, including viciousness against women is troublesome and confused. The discrimination especially against girls and women- including economic discrimination, domestic violence, harmful conventional practices and reproductive inequities- remains the most persistent and pervasive form of inequality. Moreover, women bear further hardship during, as well as, after conflict and different humanitarian emergencies. Women makeup roughly half of the human inhabitants but are comparatively marginalized compared with their male counterparts. (Wilson 2003) The gender equality has been accepted and recognized as human rights principles since the approval of the charter of United Nations in 1945. Most of the global agreements such as the Millennium Development Goals (2000) and the World Conference on Human Rights (1993) have highlighted and stressed on the significant want for all the nations to take appropriate measures against such biased practices. Accomplishing the goal of gender equality requires each woman and men to paintings collectively in sorting and looking for the answers, within the particular approaches that inspire and aid mutual believe and admire. The packages to make certain gender equality need to cope with all styles of violence in opposition to women, which includes trafficking in girls and women, promoting energetic function of girls in peace constructing and struggle eventualities. It must also be ensured that the troubles of gender equality are integrated into infrastructure and governance activities. Sexual orientation uniformity is the first and essential human right. Ladies are similarly qualified for live in opportunity and additionally poise from dread and need. Enabling women is a viable device for lessening neediness and propelling improvement. Enabled women are in a superior position for contributing towards profitability and strength of whole families and additionally groups. They can likewise bolster in enhancing prospects, particularly for the coming era (Kramer, 2004). In spite of numerous assertions at universal level asserting the social privileges of ladies and guaranteeing the reason for sexual orientation fairness, ladies are yet to be more probable, as contrasted and men, to be malnourished, weak and unskilled. They have a low level of access than men to property possession, therapeutic care, work, credit, and preparing. Their potential outcomes for being politically dynamic are not as much as men. Besides, they are much more presented to the abusive behavior at home. The capacity of women for controlling their fruitfulness is altogether central to the strengthening and uniformity of women. At the point when a female is solid, she is gainful. At the point when ladies profitable rights-including the key appropriate to arrange birth timing alongside separating and to settle on basic choices identified with the pressure and generation are ensured and advanced, she has self-sufficiency to partake similarly in the general public. An indispensable a part of supporting the chance of sexual orientation correspondence depends on enabling girls, with a first-rate think about reviewing and recognizing lopsided power characteristics and conjointly giving additional autonomy to delineate their lives. Ladies invigorating is, honestly, essential to wise progression and additionally the understanding of human rights for everybody A prosperous and flourishing society suggests that women and men have parallel open entryways for understanding their human rights. People and females contribute typically towards satisfying the necessities of societal and social movement. The societal and social progress is mainly connected with the political, national and money related change. The men and women must benefit comparable in the general population field from the consequences of that event (Kramer, 2004). In any case, imbalance extremely limits economic advancement, particularly in the creating nations, where a large portion of the ladies are the significant nourishment makers, essential educators, assembles fuel and water, workers and suppliers of human services in the casual economy. Practical advancement in a public is dependent on the equivalent commitments made by men and women. Overall guaranteeing square with support for women in advance of their groups requires two noteworthy components; comparable capacity to contribute and rise to chance to perform such exercises. The status of women in the significant territories of society including training, wellbeing, central leadership and access to assets must be made strides. Planned endeavors ought to be done to guarantee that especially women have an honest to goodness and equal part towards molding the societal development. Decreasing sexual orientation imbalances suggests benefits for women as well as for men, kids and the elderly , and for the poor and also the rich. Human Resource Management speaks to productive and implementable answers for the issues developing from the imbalance amongst men and women. The appropriation of a reasonable HRM show in associations presents level with circumstances, particularly for work force approach as the endorsement of a HRM topic, which connotes creating, and esteeming individuals in quest for objectives and which focuses on the individuals part and the importance of contribution, give chances to contentions about surveying all individuals. The assorted qualities in esteeming individuals empower the advancement of sexual orientation equity to be related with the achievement of business objectives. The speculation that the ascent of HRM is profitable for women and for sexual orientation correspondence requires prompt consideration and activity. This consideration is fundamentally required, as critical disparities exist especially in associations thinking about the advance of women in non-customary regions of work. Albeit critical advance has been made to guarantee sexual orientation correspondence, still a considerable measure of work is to be finished. The HRM hones in an association give workable arrangements. Especially in general society segments of the greater part of the countries, because of its main goal and hostile to prejudicial administration alongside arrangement of open administrations remains a noteworthy issue. The open deliberation is the means by which to make conditions in which men and women can finish their potential. (Wilson, 2003) At the level of associations, practices and arrangements identifying with sexual orientation administration are largely in the circle of human asset administration (HRM). HRM is seen as key within the associations. It notably includes whole body hands together with general directors. It regards people because it is the most immense sole resource of the association. It is merely proactive in its immediate association with individuals; and it with excitement appearance to upgrade the execution of organizations, the social prosperity and representatives desires. A reliable idea of HRM writing is the creation and improvement of responsibility to line administrators with the end goal of overseeing human asset. (Wilson, 2003) Duty regarding the compelling execution of the Gender equity approach rests with the Head of every Department of office, upheld by the senior administration team.(2008). senior line administration, specifically, is portrayed as having the locus of obligation for human asset matters. The line chiefs part is no longer restricted to sorting out and observing the conveyance of administrations, yet is creating in connection with HRM. It includes achieving the HRM arrangement destinations of responsibility, adaptability, quality and in the end the adequacy of subordinates. In the advanced age, HRM chiefs are liable to, and more required in novel practices in direct interchanges, choice, examination, target setting, preparing and improvement and inspiration. (Kramer, 2004)Development of responsibilities to HRM managers may be a primary part of the recent ideas, connected on to diversity and equality management. Rather than concentrating on under-represented teams like females, managing dive rsity is based totally on the theme that folks} ought to be rather valued as individuals for general reasons associated with the interests of business also as for social and ethical reasons. Development of responsibility to HRM managers is stressed once the difficulty is taken into account of United Nations agency is answerable for implementing the method of valuing entire people. This is a grave matter of concern for full employees, particular supervisors as opposed to being seen as an issue identified with just human asset experts. In pursuit of such organizations that offer equality and fairness, that specifically ensures that each man and ladies fulfill their full potential, several problems square measure regression from the event of answerableness to HRM managers, the primary issues HRM manager competency whereas managing individuals effectively. Depleted coaching alongside goodly strains of labor has been in the central highlighted, as characteristics prescribing the amount t o that delegating of Human Resource management is feasible. The deficiency of social control competency and capabilities instead of discrimination or racism can be the first reason for managers incapability to manage, a multiple and honest clusters of individuals. Another issue is whether to evaluate HRM operates on their effectiveness in assuring gender equality. The menstruation can be a primary part of acceptable results and performance goals for accomplishing results. Moreover, equal opportunities goals for HRM managers may even be counter-productive, and per se, they ought to accurately be inspired to line goals for themselves, focusing totally on their social control capability. To ensure equal and non-discriminatory treatment of each man and women continues to be a big challenge confronted by the HRM managers within the organizations. Within the space of managing diversity and HRM, there is a lot of stress on delegated responsibility with line managers forward the various roles. Delegation and devolvement have some strong resonance with the present pragmatic deliberations of the organizations where optimal resources are low and central overheads were particularly subject to scrutiny. (Wilson, 2003) In any case, regressing duty regarding the reason for sexual orientation administration brings up some noteworthy issues. The first is whether this symbolizes a decent opportunity to infix into societies of associations, social control considering, conduct, and estimations of balance and reasonableness while tending to the sex issues that square measure the main goal for a large number of the associations. Second is whether or not or not rather than the removal of a supporter of equality, and so the strain of line managers being primarily in control of gender equality in the pursuit of their HRM duties shows the events for abdication on behalf of individual executives. Devolvement of sexual orientation administration to HRM administrators could display a huge open door for finding direct obligation inside the dispatch of most fit individuals. Administrators may go up against a few difficulties though ensuring sexual orientation uniformity. It incorporates expanding exercises of HRM, clashing needs, their insufficiencies and absence of answerability identifying with equity. It is necessary to look for the ways in which may adequately address the difficulty of gender difference and develop cultures in which gender is ensured. Each individual is liberated to create his/her most contribution. Delegation and delegation of responsibility to HRM managers will play a significant role. However, it is the tremendous potential to represent the last word alternative from gender equality. Supportive, continuous coaching, effective leadership, education for managers, vigilance for structure, communication ways, outcomes, and processes are necessary ingredients t o handle the significant challenges of difference gift between men and women. (Wilson, 2003) The important and empirically based assessment of HRM indicates an important reality concerning the challenges baby-faced by the HRM whereas managing gender equality. These embody management} control, exaggerated police investigation and work intensification, weakening of mutual regulation and shifting of considerable risk to staff. Therefore, HRM guarantees such employment practices, which might develop the well-rewarded, well-trained, comparatively secure, motivated, committed and authorized men, unbiased towards favoritism and racism. The HRM organizations area unit thought-about as high-commitment organizations. Activity and attitudinal commitment area unit applied to support and increase job performance and to see the speed of turnover, justifying entire investments created in exceptionally trained, incredibly talented and high-quality workers. The HRM managers to confront the difficulties of gender difference additionally apply a wide range of personnel plans. These policies are directly joined to the worker involvement like communication, job design, and leadership vogue. (Wilson, 2003) Attention to make sure gender equality reflects a clear research-based cognizance that organizations commitment towards resolution of this matter is influenced by work and job expertise instead of by the gender or by personal options. For instance, high level of equality between the sexes exists in those organizations where job provides ample scope for self-expression and responsibility. Socialization and selection are also observed as important aspects while implementing the solutions to ensure gender equality. An outstanding example of current application is the organizations commitment towards gender equality measured by select inputs such as visible hours and kind of performance. The willingness and capacity to work annualized hours is yet another outstanding example of current application.

Ethics in the Workplace Essay

In 1995 Douglas Durand went to work for Tap Pharmaceuticals as vice- president of sales. Several months after starting at Tap Pharmaceuticals, Durand was in disbelief to find out that the company was bribing urologists to purchase the new Lupron drug for prostate cancer. Durand found the culture at Tap Pharmaceuticals to be in misalignment. In order for Durand to protect his good name, he began to document all his findings over a 6 year period and submitting the information to federal prosecutors. The documentation that Durand submitted to the federal prosecutors was so overwhelming that it caused Tap Pharmaceuticals to plead guilty to conspiring with doctors and cheating the government. As result of the guilty plead, Tap Pharmaceuticals paid a staggering $875 million dollar fine, which Durand received 14% of the settlement for his efforts to remedy the situation. The symptoms found in the Tap Pharmaceuticals case are primarily driven by numbers and monetary rewards. The more the top sales reps could sale or distribute the bigger the monetary reward. Durand tried to institute a more structured environment to help remedy some of the illegal practices he encountered. Many of the sales reps at Tap Pharmaceuticals did not accurately track the samples of Lupron given out to doctors. Durand offered a year salary to sales reps to help the company keep accurate records of distribution of the drugs offered. It worked until upper management shut down the bonus program, furthermore; the reps settled back into their old ways. Symptoms of dishonesty, unethical behavior, inadequate record keeping, crooked doctors, and a complete disregard for laws and regulations set forth by the government are derived from the root cause of poor upper management found at Tap Pharmaceuticals. The root cause and unresolved issues that Durand encountered at Tap Pharmaceuticals are a direct result of the monetary driven culture created by then president Yasu Hasegawa and senior management. Durand found that when he tried to implement new policies or practices that Hasegawa and the sales reps were not interested, or he was undermined by senior management. Tap pharmaceuticals primary sales niche was to bribe and payoff the people who prescribed the drugs offered by purchasing televisions, vacations, and  office equipment. The unethical practices are a direct result of a lack of unethical leadership and ethical standards and practices not being in place. Tap Pharmaceuticals did not have a hose counsel to help keep practices ethical and meet government requirements because it was thought to be a sales-prevention department. Durand eventually found himself excluded from marketing and sales meetings and told that he just did not understand the culture. The lack of ethical leadership in the company is the root of the problem found at Tap Pharmaceuticals and left all the issues that Durand found unresolved. Analyze and evaluate alternatives. Decide on the most valid alternative, and make recommendations. When thinking of alternatives, people think of other options that may apply in order to have a different outcome than the current outcome. When Durand was offered the position as Vice President of Sales with Tap Pharmaceuticals, he had no idea what he was getting involved with. All he saw was a potential for a promotion in an industry where he had already served his time and made a name for himself. Durand has a couple alternatives in this ethical situation. He could have kept his mouth shut and adhered to Tap Pharmaceuticals’ policies and procedures and unethical practices. The outcome to this alternative could have proven to be very poor for Durand. If Durand continued to allow Tap Pharmaceuticals to conduct business in the sales department as they always had in the past, eventually, the federal government would have caught on to the unethical practices and levied fines against Tap Pharmaceuticals and Mr. Durand. He could have even been prosecuted for the practices he witnessed at Tap Pharmaceuticals. When employees are directed to blatantly break the law in order to keep sales up and to give out medicine samples without charging for them, there is a huge ethical problem. Tap Pharmaceuticals instructed the doctors to charge Medicare for the samples even though they never paid for them in the first place. It seemed as if Tap Pharmaceuticals planned to break every law of the trade in order to make the most money in the least amount of time. This alternative would not work for Mr. Durand. He had a steady head on his  shoulders and would not stand for the unethical practices he had witnessed. But what would he do about the problem? This question would later come into play when Mr. Durand was faced with a tough decision. A second alternative Mr. Durand had was to leave Tap Pharmaceuticals with a resignation. But a resignation would land him and his family out on the streets. He did not want to jeopardize his family’s lifestyle and affect the way his children would grow up. After all, Mr. Durand did leave a well paying job with a huge medical pharmaceutical company. This alternative would be even worse than staying with Tap Pharmaceuticals and pretending nothing wrong was going on. He had to support his family and to Mr. Durand this was the most important issue to handle. If Mr. Durand resigned from Tap Pharmaceuticals, he would have to start all over again and work his way back up the corporate ladder as he did 20 years before with Merck & Co. Mr. Durand had very few options or avenues to take in his ethical dilemma. He was virtually stuck â€Å"between a rock and a hard place.† He truly made the perfect decision when he decided to file suit against Tap Pharmaceuticals. This was the best possible option he could have used. First, Tap Pharmaceuticals was breaking the law and if they continued to practice unethical business, they could have hurt someone or continued to defraud the United States government and Medicare. Since Mr. Durand was familiar with the practices of the pharmaceutical industry, he had no other choice but to blow the whistle on Tap Pharmaceuticals. TAP Pharmaceuticals, a physician, and 7 employees of TAP Pharmaceuticals were charged and indicted for bribing physicians with kickbacks to use the drug Lupron. The federal grand jury also found them guilty of Medicare fraud, and violation of the Prescription Drug Marketing Act. PSA-Rising (2001) states,The seven individuals charged in the indictment unsealed today are:Alan Mackenzie age 49, of 27068 Wellington Court, Barrington, Illinois, andformerly Vice President of Sales for TAP, Janice Swirski, age 40, of 6 BellinghamDrive, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, and formerly a National Account Manager with TAP,Henry Van Mourick, age 43, of 23 Golfwood Court, Roseville, California, andcurrently a District Manager employed by TAP,  Donna Tom, age 37, of 141 East 56thStreet, New York, New York, and formerly a District Manager employed by TAP,Kimberlee Chase, age 35, of 108 Dedham Street, Dover, Massachusetts, and formerly aDistrict Manager employed by TAP, David Guido, age 30, of 131 New London Road,Colchester, Connecticut, and currently a Hospital Account Executive employed by TAP, DR. John Romano, age 48, of 110 Long Pond Road, Plymouth, Massachusetts, an urologistwith a practice in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Four other physicians’ were indicted before the above indictment. TAP Pharmaceuticals bribed urologists to use the drug Lupron by giving them big screen televisions, golf vacations, and free sample of Lupron. The sales representatives also gave the physician’s free samples of Lupron and told the physicians to bill Medicare for full price. Durand tried to change different aspects of how Tap Pharmaceuticals was run, but all to no avail. Whenever he implemented a new structural change, the employees would try it for a short while and return to the way they had done things in the past. Accurate bookkeeping was a logical idea to put into action. This would tell exactly how much each rep gave out to doctors and pharmacies as samples for them to try out. The old way never showed how much they were paid for each sample given because there was no way to know how many had been given out. Whenever new ideas are put into effect, it still takes people to uphold these new rules and regulations. When Yasu Hasegawa failed to show any sort of business ethics, why would any of his employees? A good leader will lead by example. When people follow someone he/she want to emulate his/her actions, not just his/her words. By having a person with little moral fiber lead the company, it allowed some that might have been on the fence about the situation to fall to the same side. Durand’s cultural change effort failed because senior management and older sales reps refused to change the company for the better. They had been doing things their way for too long and the payoff incentive was too great. The shady business practices were much easier than trying to keep records of exactly how many samples were given out and who all had been bought. When  the president of the company would not even change his ways on how he dealt with his business, how could his employees be expected to change as well? In a business that deals with healthcare, the most important aspect should always be the patients. Since nobody truly cared about them and all the employees concerns were with lining their own pockets, the business ended up being sued for quite a large amount of money. The only way for Durand’s changes to succeed, would be if there were a total overhaul of management. The company would need to basically start over in order to weed out all the bad eggs. That would take a great deal of time, not to mention a great deal of money. Even though Durand became a whistle-blower on Tap Pharmaceuticals and the company was fined, there are sure to be employees who were guilty but not indicted. In TAP Pharmaceuticals there was an attitude of a misalignment of culture. The profit driven only environment provided no ethical leadership. Upper management including the CEO, who set the tone of weak unethical leadership, held no interest in change. TAP had no formal cultural system. The bottom line was the only factor and how profits were obtained was of little concern. When Durand attempted to make positive changes to the system through a â€Å"Reward System,† upper management put a stop to it even tough it was working and labeled him a trouble maker. TAP was not interested in positive ethical change. The gifts to urologists and doctors TAP pharmaceuticals participated in set an unethical culture. ConclusionIn the end Tap received one of the largest fines in the pharmaceutical industry and the job of rebuilding its image and reorganizing its business practices. Seven of its senior management team received heavy financial and judicial penalties for their part in the Lupron scandal. Douglas Durand in the end had to start over in a new less lucrative position, furthermore; he did receive a large settlement from the federal government under the Whistle-Blowers Act and currently retired and living in Florida. References: Barrett, A. (2002, June 24). A Whistle-Blower Rocks an Industry. Business Week. RetrievedJune 19, 2007, from http://www.fairness.com/resources/relation?relation_id=9650Nelson, K., & Trevino, L. (2004). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do itright (3rd ed.) . New York: Wiley. PSA Rising (October 3, 2001). TAP Pharmaceuticals Products Inc. and Seven Others ChargedWith Health Care Crimes; Company Agrees to Pay $875 Million to Settle Charges. RetrievedJune 22, 2007 from http://www.psa-rising.com/wiredbird/tap102001.php

Gender Equality and Islam Essay

Islam believes that a woman is not merely subject to man rather she has her own separate and complete entity in all respects. She has an equal right to that of a man to nourish her religions faculties, serve her faith, acquire education, get a job, do business, own something and benefit herself from it and prove her creativity in an enterprise. She is master of herself in all respects. The religious aspect of this fact is described in the Quran as under: â€Å"For muslim men and women, for believing men and women; for devout men and women; for men and women who are patient, for men and women who humble themselves; for men and women who give charity’ for men and women who fast; for men and women who guard their chastity, and for men and women who remember Allah much- for them all has God prepared forgiveness and a great reward† (Al – Ahzab 33, verse 55) The characteristics mentioned in the above Quranic Verse are ten in number. These characteristics cover all aspe cts of Islam, Islamic conduct and behaviorism related to the rights of God and of human beings too. The above verse makes it clear that there is no distinction between a man and a woman in terms of worships of God, obedience to Him and the place in the life after death. In fact there is no distinction on the basis of gender. The Quran has laid down the following principle in connection with acquisition of wealth â€Å"For men is a portion of what they earn and for women is a portion of what they earn â€Å"(Al-Nisa 4, Verse32) The Sura â€Å"Al-Nisa† basically deals with matters relating to money and other issues that emerge out of the relationship of man and woman in different capacities in a family; Immediately after the above quoted verse an article from the law of legacy has been described and next comes the instructions about the mutual contacts of a husband and a wife. Hence the context makes it clear that the above mentioned verse is related to the worldly life and that a woman has equal rights to that of a man like acquiring education, doing job or a business, deal of a property and even develop her personality. There are several other Quranic verses which make it clear that there is no distinction between man and a woman on any grounds except in the bearing of a responsibility (the detail would come in later pages). Both are human beings and both have rights and privileges. God says: â€Å"I will deny no man or woman among you the rewards of their labours. You are the offspring of one another† (Al-Imran 3: Verse: 195) Through Sura Al-Tawba, God has declared all Muslim men and women as friends, companions and helpers of each other. Thus women are, in no way inferior to men rather they are friends of men and are equal to them. (However, in terms of responsibilities there can be classification, like a doctor and a teacher, under special circumstances): â€Å"The true believers, both men and women, are equal friends to each other. They enjoin what is just and forbid what is evil; they attend to their prayers and pay the Zakat and obey Allah and His Apostle. On these Allah will have merc y. He is Mighty, Wise.†(Al-Tawba 9, verse71) This is why during the prophetic period women used to acquire both religious and worldly education, do farming, take part in trade and industry and manage their wealth and property; About Aisha, the wife of the Holy Prophet, everyone knows that she has related and confirmed 2210 Hadiths (Prophet’s sayings) (Sadarat-ul-Zahab: vol.1) The books based on the compilations of the history of the days of the companions of the Apostle reveal the stories of innumerable females who had mastery over different fields of the religious knowledge rather several eminent scholars attained the knowledge of Islam from them. It was a general practice during those days people used to seek guidance from the wives of the Apostle in the matters of religion. There were besides the wives of the Apostle, certain other women too who earned repute in this field. Rabi-Bint-I-Mauz was one such famous scholar and the outstanding scholars of Islam like Abdullah-b in-Abass and Abdullah Bin Umar had been her students. Several people have related certain Hadiths through her reference. These include Salman Bin Yasir, Abad Bin walid and Nafei-Bin-Umar etc. Fatima Bint-I-Qais had been the tutor of the prominent scholars like Ibn-e-Maseeb, Urwa Bin Zubair and Shabi. (Al-Astaayab-fil-Asam-ul-Sahab) Ayesha the daughter of Saad Bin Abi-Waqas was remarkable scholar and had educated Imam Malik, Ayub Sakhtiami and Hakam Bin Ataiba. (Tazeeb-ul-tazeeb Vol. 12) Imam Shafi, the eminent jurist learnt the knowledge of Hadith from the Syeda Nafisa, the grand daughter of Hasan, the grand son of the Apostle. (Wafyat-ul-Aayam-al-Ibn-khalkan Vol 2) Same was the case of the worldly knowledge and wisdom. For example among the female companions of the Apostle several were poetess like Khansa, Saudah, Safia, Atika, Muridya, Umm-I-Aiman and several others. In the field of medicine and surgery, Rafaza Aslamia, Umm-I-Mutea, umm-I-Kabsa, Hamne Bint-I- Jahsh, Ummi-I-Athiya, Ummai Saleem and several other women won repute. (Tabqat-Ibne-Saeed, Asaba) It was a usual practice among women to get wo rldly knowledge during those days. If their number is not remarkable, it was due to lack of resources. Some ordinary women knew how to read and write and even could manage small accounts. (Tabqat Ibn-e-Saad Vol-8). Some wrote and reply letters. (Al-Adab-ul Musfi) During those days the women used to do farming and looked after their fields. In Bokhari (the collection of Hadith) Sahl Bin Sasd relates the story of a female companion of the Apostle who owned fields and gardens. She cultivated a vegetable named â€Å"Salq† near the bank of a stream and used to serve Sahl Bin Saad and others with Salq and Maize when they visited every Friday. (Bokhari) The most authenticated books on Hadith like Bokhari, Muslim, Abu-Daud and Ibni Mauja quote the statement of Jabir Bin Abdullah who narrates about her maternal aunt. She was divorced and was going through Iddat (the three months waiting period after divorce during which a woman can’t marry). She desired to sell out the fruit of her garden for her living. She consulted the Apostle who advised her to do so as in that case she would be able to give charity and do something for her redemption. This makes clear that the women, during the prophetic perod used to do farming and trade. According to Bokhari, Asma, the daughter of Abu Bakar, the first pious Caliph and the wife of Zubair used to assist her husband in farming on the fields almost two miles far from her home. Those days the women could freely take part in the trade and business activities. The most respectable woman in Muslim Ummah Khadija was a trader. Many female companions of the Apostle like Khaula. Al-khamia, Saqafia and Bint-I-Mukarrama used to trade in perfume. (Asaba-Fi-Tameez-ul-Sahaba Vol-4) Several event related in ‘Tabqat Ibn-I-Saad’ exhibit the fact muslim women during the Prophetic period used to take part in agriculture, trade and industry even without the assistance of their husbands. The wife of Abdullah Bin Masud was a good craftswoman. Once she told the Apostle that she was adept in different crafts and sold out her prepared goods. She inquired if she could spend her money on her husband and children as they have no other source of income. The Apostle told her that she would get a reward from God if she did that. It is also quoted in Al-Asaba Fil Tameez-al Sahabe Vol4) Once a woman named Khaula Bint-e-Saalba had a dispute with her husband. Both of them presented their case before the Apostle who advised the husband to keep himself away from her until the revelation of an instruction from God. At this Khula told the Prophet of God that her husband would’t be able to survive in that case as he was dependent upon her for his living. A woman named Qaila told the Apostle that she was a trader and sought his guidance in the trade matters. Another woman, Amira narrates that once she went to the market along with her maid servant and bought a fish. Ali, the fourth Caliph of Islam was also there who bought that fish from her. There are many such incidents related in ‘Tabqat Ibn-I-Saad Vol 8. The most authentic book on this subject. Souda, the Prophet’s wife was adept in the art of tanning. It is quoted in Bukhari that once her sheep died, she put its skin off, got it tanned and softened it with dates. During that period women performed several tasks collectively as well. The Bokhari kitab-ul-istehsan unfolds that once many women visited the Apostle and requested him to allocate one day in a week for their religious training. The Prophet thus accepted their request. Asma Bint-I-Zahid was good at rhetoric. Once women designated her their representative and sent to the Apostle to make some queries (Al-istaab Fi-Al-Sahab) Women were entrusted with certain responsible positions as well and they proved their worth. For example Umar, the second Caliph of Islam appointed Shafa Bint-e- Abdullah as the Price control officer.